An Explanation Of What Chartism Is

An Explanation Of What Chartism Is Chartism was a movement born of working class resentment at their exclusion from the newly expanded franchise. It was possibly the first mass working class labour movement in the world. There were two ideological views in Chartism; physical force or moral force, depending upon ones attitudes to violent protest. It was particularly active during times in which the economy was doing badly. For example, during the economic downturns of 1838-39; 1842; 1847-48. The movement of Chartism did not last; its high point could be said to be 1848. This essay will examine the movement; its beginning to its end and whether it can be definitively said to have either succeeded or failed. Chartisms origins lie in London and Birmingham. The London Working Mens Association (founded in 1836) and the Birmingham Political Union focussed on this failure of the act to do something for the working class.  [1]  The London Working Mens Association composed what would eventually become The Peoples Charter during 1837. As Preston W. Slosson wrote, While the phrasing of the Peoples Charter varied somewhat at different periods, the text of the 1837 petition of the London Working ­mens Association is typical of later forms.  [2]  A national meeting to promote the Charter was held in 1837 and also 1838. In May 1838 Henry Vincent was arrested for making inflammatory speeches. He was tried and found guilty and sentenced to twelve months in jail. He was not allowed access to writing materials and only books on religion were available to hm. Chartists in Wales were furious and subsequently, violence broke out. John Frost made speeches across Wales, advocating against breaking the law. He instead felt that a protest would better serve to indicate the strength of the outrage this sentence had caused. The protest was to take place in Newport, where the release of Vincent would be demanded. The authorities in Newport grew fearful when news of this planned protest reached them and when the protesters arrived they discovered that more arrests had been made and that some of their number were being held in Westgate Hotel. Soldiers had been placed inside the Westgate Hotel and when the order was given they began firing into the crowd. Several of the men, including John Frost, were charged with h igh treason and found guilty. They were to be hanged, drawn and quartered. The sentences led to many protests taking place across the country. The government debated the sentences and announced that in lieu of execution they would be transported for life. On the 6 August 1838 the two groups formally adopted the 6 points of the Charter. Soon, it could be seen that the working class public approved of the charter despite the fact that Radicals saw it as overly moderate and did not entirely approve. A large meeting was held on Kersal Moor, Lancashire on 24 September 1838 which attracted many people from all over the country. Rallies were also held throughout 1848 in Glasgow, Birmingham and Leeds. A National Convention gathered in London on February 4, 1839. The Chartists met to prepare for taking their petition to Parliament. The movement organised a group of 50 members to better co-ordinate the presentation of the petition. The first Convention would end badly. Rioting in Birmingham led to the arrest and imprisonment of the Conventions secretary and the author of the Charter, William Lovett. Arrests were made in Birmingham in July, due to the defiance by supporters of a ban on meetings. A week after this, a motion to consider the petition was rejected by 235 votes against to 46 for. After this event, many came to believe that violence was the only way to succeed. Violence broke out in many areas and as a result, arrests followed. The National Charter Association was formed in July 1840 from the wreckage of the previous year to co-ordinate future activities  [3]  as Eric J. Evans states. The partys administrative concerns were overseen by a convention of delegates chosen by the local Charter associations. The organisation was the result of the London Working Mens Association, led by William Lovett and Henry Vincent, and the Birmingham Political Union, including Thomas Atwood and John Collins, joining forces and also unions organised by Feargus OConnor. These merged groups became known as the National Charter Association. To join, one had to purchase a membership card (renewed four times a year).The association elected an executive, which had the use of half the funds of the association. Feargus O Connor was instrumental in holding it together- this was due to his charisma and his newspaper, the Chartist Northern Star which were both prominent aspects of the movement in the coming decade.  [4]  O Connor organised another National Convention. However, it was organised only for members of the National Charter Association. A second petition was presented to Parliament; this was rejected with 287 votes against to 49 votes for. On 10 April 1848, a mass meeting was organised on Kennington Common, the objective of which was to gather a procession to present another petition to Parliament. The number of attendees was disputed; OConnor estimated 300,000; the government, 15,000. It is most likely that 150,000 attended. The government did not believe that the Chartists intended to organise an uprising, but they did fear that a revolution would occur and were therefore determined to make a display of strength to counter the possibility and also potentially get rid of Chartism in a year in which revolutions were taking place across Europe. The military were prepared to act were the Chartists to try and cross the Thames. The petition was estimated to have only around two million signatures, while O Connor claimed the number was around five million. The signatures included those dead and people such as Queen Victoria. While this was a source of ridicule for the Chartists, it is possible such signatures were the resul t of many being illiterate or at threat from their employers were they found to support such a movement. However, Chartism was not destroyed by the ignominy. The question of whether Chartism succeeded or failed is a divisive one, and additionally depends on the way in which one defines the terms. There are many contesting opinions on the issue. In a literal sense, the movement undeniably failed in its goals. The movement achieved little with regards to the government; the constitution was not amended, per the suggestion of Engels. It also did not itself achieve any of the six aims laid out in its Charter. The abolition of the property qualification for MPs was achieved in 1858; universal male suffrage was achieved in stages in 1867/8, 1884, 1918, 1928; the secret ballot was gained in 1872 and a salary for MPs in 1911. The last time it could have been said to have presented a significant challenge to authority is in 1848, the year generally seen as its climactic year. There are several different opinions on the legacy of Chartism. Edward Royle argues against the attribution of the later achievement of these aims to the movement; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦To say that the Ballot Act and other measures came after Chartism and were therefore caused by Chartism is fallacious. These Acts cannot even remotely be attributed to Chartist pressure. It would be more accurate to say that the Ballot Act would probably have come earlier had it not been for Chartismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [5]   However, he does concede that Chartism was successful in some respects. He states that it had a powerful political impact, bringing a new urgency to the philanthropic impulses of private individuals and the reforming tendencies of those in government.  [6]  He states that the Ballot Act may have come earlier had it not been for the movement; the tactics employed by the movement were not always those that would have been best recommended. Events such as those with the petition with the forged signatures of the dead and the non-existent damaged its reputation. Eric J. Evans argues that the movement should not be judged by how much of a threat it was but rather as an important political education of working class people. He writes that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Chartism imbued its adherents with both a cultural identity and a strong sense of hope which transcended immediate failures. Nothing in working-class politics would be unaffected by the Chartist experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [7]   As Evans states, the movement had a profound effect on working class politics. The experience of Chartism educated the people and Slosson agrees on this point: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The un ­en ­fran ­chised class ­es had come to know them ­selves; to be con ­scious both of their strength and of their weak ­ness. The very faults and blun ­ders which wrecked Char ­tism have been turned to good ac ­count as a warn ­ing to lat ­er work ­ing-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’class move ­ments. If the Chartist move ­ment did not im ­me ­di ­ate ­ly ob ­tain for Eng ­land the Char ­ter, at least it or ­ga ­nized the peo ­ple to make full use of democ ­ra ­cy when it cameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [8]   He acknowledges the fact that the movement made mistakes, did things wrong and states that these in fact educated the working class movements to come on what actions were and were not inadvisable. While this aspect is a failure, the objective of Chartism was to gain social-economic betterment for the class using political power as a means to and end, and to such an end even the failure of the movement can be seen as a success in that it provided lessons to future movements seeking the same goals. Aspects of the ideology of Chartism can be seen in these future movements; eventually, their six points were realised and it is arguable (and indeed has been argued) that Chartism was the inspiration behind this. Even despite the fact that Edward Royle believes that one cannot state that Chartism has any responsibility for the passing of the acts, he does not deny the importance of the movement itself which was significant. John K. Walton states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It did not achieve any of the Six Points and after its defeat lost from view for half a century; but without its surging and intermittent threat it is hard to imagine the governments of the 1840s making the concessions they did. Chartism declined, in part, because some of the goals that drew people into the movement had been attained. To ask why Chartism failed is to misunderstand its nature; the interesting questions are about the extent to which it succeededà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [9]   While the three do not entirely agree, a consistent theme in their commentary is that it did have some success and did have at least some lasting effect on the political landscape. In Waltons commentary, he states that what is seen as part of its failure (I.e. the decline of the movement) is in fact a consequence of its success; people had achieved their ends and therefore departed, having achieved their ends. I believe therefore that it can be stated that the movement was in fact successful.

Regional Connectivity

Though this reticular Issue has somehow reduced the limelight of proposed â€Å"Aslant Highway; but It Is something that represents even bigger prospect for Bangladesh as the road connecting 23 countries through proposed Asian Highway network. The proposed deep sea port is also opening up the prospect of connectivity as it might be accessible for whole region. Neighboring countries like Sardinia has created a deep sea port in recent times and so far it has been a success story. That might prompt Bangladesh to push this plan forward. By utilizing these opportunity eloquently Bangladesh might turn Into a hub of connectivity.But It's a country that Is suffering to construct necessary infrastructure for the internal demand. In this situation if given access of connectivity then it will be worse and might cause a negative impact. So, the necessary infrastructure should be build before giving any such access. What is the ultimate benefit of connectivity? How one can resolve the issue of S overeignty vs. Connectivity? Will the extended connectivity result In an expansion of drug trafficking and Illegal trade? These are some questions which ultimately come Into play. Many uses this Issues as an argument against connectivity.It is unlikely to enjoy benefit only through a policy. Especially when it comes about the question of issues like this one got to take all the aspects into consideration. Connectivity and development In this era of globalization the world is more connected then before. Day by day this connectivity is increasing more and more. Now a day it's quite impossible for the states to take alienated policy. Today we see ideology is playing trivial role then It played before. Today International system Is moving on the three fast highways of globalization, liberalizing and vaporization In a unpopular world.Economic development seems to be the common goal of every nation. This commonality has made it possible for the states to become physically connected throug h the flow of – people and trade. That's why the idea of â€Å"interconnected world† is getting more and more voice. Even States that have traditionally been sovereignty sensitive, at least in terms of Integrating themselves through roads, today, are trying to negotiate multilateral economic arrangements that Include transit and transportation across their national boundaries But this interconnectivity is not purely interconnected.As it's the connectivity driven by interest so countries that have common interests or the egging which represents more opportunity are the one to be connected or willing to establish connectivity. As a result regional connectivity is becoming more fashionable. E is a perfect example. Following the success of E regional organizations and regional connectivity Is getting stronger. Also countries are more higher investment in public infrastructure brings invariably in its wake economic prosperity and improved quality of life.It's also used as a remedy of eradicating inequality which has emerged as a threat of the present time. The improved transport facilities impact through faster mobility of labor, materials, and gods, in hat way reducing transport costs as well as saving time for further engagements. Transport cost is an important determinant of competitiveness, making an integrated and capable transport networks an essential element of the enabling environment for economic integration at any level.The provision of physical infrastructure in the form of an integrated transport network is essential, but not a major condition in itself for efficient and effective international movement. It is necessary to have adequate facilitation measures to address all the non-physical barriers so that goods, icicles and people can move freely across international borders. Bangladesh prospect as a hub of connectivity: Location and gee-spatial reality: Bangladesh is a country which is virtually â€Å"India locked†. So, the geogr aphical point of view it apparently seems to be a disadvantage for her.But it has many geographical advantages. The access of Bay of Bengal , and through to the wider open seas and to the sea routes towards the strategically important regions such as East and Southeast Asia, on the one hand , and West Asia and the Middle East on the other. This geographical and location can be utilized by Bangladesh for her own benefit. That's the reason why a deep sea port or the modernization of Chitchatting sea port can have a better prospect it can be both economically beneficiary and strategically an important point. Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan are landlocked countries in this region.Bangladesh can benefit tremendously through opening up transit and great opportunities for crossing from east to west and giving the land-locked neighbors access to the sea. But it's not given proper attention like the issue related transit. As said earlier Bangladesh is virtually an â€Å"India locked† co untry; so it's almost impossible o improve connectivity excluding India. It has massive territorial depth and the biggest democratic country. India over the years has made massive progress and it's the regional super power. So, when we talk about the country that comes first is India.But India has some vulnerability that can be used in favor of Bangladesh. Bangladesh occupies an important strategic position for India. Slinger Corridor is the only access of the North Eastern state which separates Nepal from Bangladesh only by a few miles. During Indo-China war this situation became more eminent. This vulnerability is still present. Right now, anything produced in that region can't be marketed in the rest of India, due to the distance from port (Kola). From past decade, India is becoming more dependent on foreign and private investments in growth picture.But, no company will want to invest in this remote corner of the Northeast, because of the logistical problems of Sevens Sisters lin king in with the rest of India. So the only real economic future of Northeast lies in reopening its route through Bangladesh to its West and with Manner and South-East Asia to the East. For additional benefit, if they are allowed to use a Bangladesh port, the export oriented business can also come up in this region. The region is rich in energy resources, like natural gas and hydro-electricity.The economic progress in this region recent times has increased greatly and has become a real headache for the Indian government. It's now creating a threat for national integrity. It's obvious that the insurgency is not going to stop until a drastic economic development take place. But Indian government is finding it hard without the access of Bangladesh. Many in India perceived Bangladesh as an â€Å"economic bridge† between Indian's north-eastern states and the rest of the country. For India, it makes extremely good economic sense to be able to use a corridor to its northeastern stat es.It would spare them constructing a long and tortuous road through hostile territory, infested with insurgents of many hues. It had been estimated – in the ‘ass – that construction of new tracks would cost RSI. 2 core per kilometer. It would cost many times more that amount now. For India, access through Bangladesh makes extremely good economic sense to be able to use a corridor to its northeastern states. India has to across Kim to passage its goods & passengers from its mainland to its north-eastern dates, which is expensive & time consuming as well as inefficient in economic sense.If Bangladesh allows transit, India will require to across only km to complete same job. The Chitchatting port can become a modern busy port like Singapore serving the SCARS countries and even China. Huge foreign investment may be attracted to Bangladesh and finally a throbbing service sector like banks, insurance, hotels, rest houses, petrol pumps etc. May develop around the Tarn' s continental roads and railways. There is an estimate of direct economic gain from transit fees. It ranges from 500 core take to 4,666 core take. The last but not the least, is the mutual transit.Bangladesh, in return, will get a much shorter route to China, which already is its second largest trading partner. Unfortunately, most of the trading nowadays takes place through sea-route. The cost of import increases, as well as Bangladesh goods loose competitiveness in Chinese market. If Bangladesh wants to access South Chinese underdeveloped market, they must go through India. This was a point of concern for the Chinese delegates during Gumming initiative in 1999, an initiative to link Chinese province of Yuan with Seven Sisters of India, Manner, Thailand and Bangladesh.Better Co-operations for Connectivity South Asia inherited an integrated transport infrastructure from the British. This was fractured not only by the partition of India but by its political aftermath. The transport ne twork still continue to remain fragmented due to various historical, political and economic reasons which needs to be rebuilt within the context of greater political harmony in South Asia. The transport system of the main land countries of South Asia has developed only in a national context with little consideration given to cross border issues of compatibility, uniformity of standards in infrastructure and equipment design.It is felt that for socio-economic development if South Sais's intra-regional trade is to grow rapidly, among others, this will require integration of the transport infrastructure of the region. This calls for cooperation in the strengthening of transportation, transit and connectivity across the region, including harmonistic of standards and simplification of customs procedures and other similar trade facilitation initiatives to minimize the non-physical trade barriers in support of investment in the transport infrastructure.The decisions of Islamabad SCARS oper ation in a number of areas including strengthening transport, transit and communication links/connectivity across the region. Recognizing the importance of transport integration in South Asia, SCARS initiated the SCARS Regional Multimode Transport Study (SORTS) with the main objective of enhancing multi-modal transport connectivity among SCARS member states, so as to promote intra-regional trade. Since then the issue of connectivity has been the highlighting issue in every SCARS summit.Though the countries of this region have many things in common and there re better prospect of development through the process of connectivity; but it's the most poorly connected part of the world. For example – Bangladesh products constituted only 0. 5 percent (approximately) of total Indian imports. Indian's informal and formal exports to Bangladesh stand at around $5 billion dollars while Bangladesh exports are about $ 358 million during the financial year of 2007-08. This shows the poor con dition of connectivity.Also the imbalanced situation is eminent of trade between the small country (Bangladesh) and big country (India). As aid earlier Bangladesh has a territorial advantage and India is pushing hard for the access of transport from mainland India to North-East India. So, Bangladesh can use this opportunity to gain economical balance and also to resolve her unresolved issues. One of the main obstacles for regional connectivity is the hostile relation between India and Pakistan. This hostility has made the SCARS ineffective. They are the two big powers in this region.Both of them have nuclear weapon and plays important role in the world politics. Especially India is moving fast as a regional power and also as a world power. So no progress can be made without the improvement of these two nations. Though over the years little progress has been made, but we see a kind of rational approaches from both the parties in recent time. For example-After the recent Bomb attack i n Bombay Indian unlike the previous incident did not blame Pakistan took cautious attitude . Pakistan on the other hand immediately after the attack expressed deep sympathy about the incident.Both the parties have expressed hope about continuing the ongoing peace process. This shows that they are serious about the issue and if in the future these co-operative environment progress then surely connectivity will increase in this region. Trading in transport connectivity with neighboring countries could reduce trade deficit. It is crucial to understand clearly that these transport connectivity will have no market elsewhere outside this sub-region and that these opportunities of trading in transport services may not continue long.It is also important for the sub-regional countries to recognize that no country other than Bangladesh can provide these transport connectivity and services. Issues to tackle: Politics of regional connectivity Though it's an issue which is a part of foreign poli cy, closely interlinked with economic policy, but political relation can't be separated from economic and foreign relation. It has been seen that in most case progression has been from close political relations to the deepening of economic relations.Political relationships that are not characterized by mistrust or suspicion allow first steps in economic relationship which would then expand and generate vigorous inter-state economic activities. But unfortunately this has not been the case with us. Our political culture is marked by tit India exploited by both the political parties as a political agenda. We see a lack of proper planning or commitment on the question of connectivity. All the major aspects such as-Asian Highway, Transit with china or even the Deep sea port there is clear distinction among the political parties and also among the people.Security The issue of security is closely linked with the issue of connectivity. The fear that connectivity will increase security threa t is not without basic. The north eastern region of India is a war prone area. Here the most powerful Indian forces are failing to maintain stable situation. The threat of ALFA and Moist insurgency can poise real problem for us. Also in the region of Manner there are rebel forces fighting against the Junta government. Also the religious extremist groups may misuse the connectivity. So, the security threat should be taken into consideration.Lack of infrastructure The road and ports of Bangladesh could get overcrowded, thus resulting in poor efficiency in domestic industries. Keeping in view the benefits, it seems the above mentioned risks are too small, from economic perspective. But, a country is not made up of its economy only; it has its political, ideological and popular faces also. To sum up the whole condition, Bangladesh currently does not allow grater connectivity because of non-economic reasons. Lack of co-operation from Big Brother As we all know India at present stage has huge economic advantage with all the countries of this region.The reason that she is pushing hard for transit is mainly for her own stake. India doesn't want to allow Bangladesh to have land route with Nepal and Bhutan which is purely for trade purpose, India shows the excuse that it goes against its territorial integrity, using the same logic Bangladesh cannot allow transit. The proposed Asian Highway route provides transit rights to India through Bangladesh because both the entry and exit are with India from Bangladesh. Bangladesh government is naturally concerned about it without reciprocal transit rights from India.It seems that this is a misplaced concern in view of the fact that at the Dacha SCARS Summit, Indian's Prime Minister made it clear that India was agreeable to provide transit rights to SCARS countries. But India is not interested to progress over the issue. The Indian proposal is not a transit facility; it is a â€Å"corridor facility† which is internationally discouraged. As said earlier Bangladesh already has huge trade deficit with India. So allowing India the access on bilateral basic has little chance through which we can get benefited.There are many unresolved issues on which India over the years has shown little interest. The worst act was the Freak barrage. Bandstand's trust in India was not honored properly. We are suffering from less supply of Ganges water than committed. BBS are killing Bangladesh without adequate reasons. Maritime boundaries need to be finalized, issues like Tailgate, demarcation of 6. Skims borders, stoppage of push-in, and Bangladesh-Nepal ND Bangladesh-Bhutan corridors can be solved without much difficulty.But in the process of connectivity mutual co-operation and trust is the key and it should be formulated through a win-win situation. Connectivity should be implemented in such a way so that all the parties can get the benefit. Conclusion: â€Å"Connectivity is the key' a popular dialogue of the present time. Day by day world is getting smaller through the advancement of globalization and technological connectivity. Singapore is a perfect example of connectivity and progress. â€Å"Connectivity' has worked as the key for them as key in real sense. The success story of E.IS is the perfect example of regional connectivity. This connectivity has been a trademark for the European countries. South-Asia is one of the poorest regions of the world. Being the part of world's most poorly connected region, one can obviously say that there are prospects for development through connectivity. As Bangladesh has certain benefits and strategically constitutes an important position so the connectivity can provide greater opportunity for us. But creation of a win-win situation is what that can ensure better progress and ensures equal opportunity for all countries.

Goodwill Industries Essay

Goodwill Industries are organizations for nonprofit making that provide or render employment, community based programs, placement services, and job training to individuals that cannot access proper education, disabled individuals and the unemployed. A huge network of institutions of retail thrift, that works as organizations of nonprofit organizations, sponsor goodwill industries. A large portion of goodwill industries finance is donated items from retail stores. The community’s generous donations of household items and clothing provide the store’s merchandise. Such donations are critical to goodwill industries mission of Colorado Springs, both donating and shopping in their stores, give a hand in supporting programs for workforce development that serve more than 45000 people every year in northwest N. C (Helms, 2001). Goodwill Industries are nonprofit making organizations that render or provide employment, job training, placement services and community based programs to people who have no proper access to education, to those who have a disability, unemployed. Goodwill is sponsored by a massive network of retail thrift institution which also operates as nonprofit organizations. Goodwill Industries works hand in hand with employers to identify other people who qualify for employment opportunities available at any particular time (Helms, 2001). A substantial portion of the financing of Goodwill Industries comes from the sales of donated goods in various stores. Merchandise in this stores is provided via generous donations things such as household items, clothing’s and from different communities. Such donations are critical the mission of Goodwill Industries (Moore, 2001). Goodwill Industries accepts material donations of any kind, such as cars, computers and boats. The common donations include; clothing, shoes, house wares such as dinnerware, pans and pots, kitchen utensils and flatware. Small appliances are also common donations like blenders, toasters, juicers and mixers; bicycles; toys; sporting equipment; books; collectables; furniture; tools; decorations; computers among others (Moore, 2001). Goodwill industries ensure that business operations and community activities are carried on in an environmentally favorable manner. The Industry is dedicated in turning discarded things into useable products, and where they cannot salvage an item; they ensure that thorough recycling methods are utilized (Moore, 2001). Goodwill’s Mission Goodwill industries sell donated goods. The profits generated by the sales fund training opportunities for various those with trouble in finding and keeping jobs. They also train and hire individuals with disabilities. These disabilities can be mental or physical due to lack of previous work experience, housewives re-entering the job market, outdated work skills, senior citizens, and people with limited communication skills (Moore, 2001). Goodwill Industries serve people experiencing barriers in employment and related circumstances. A barrier to employment include development age, disabilities, learning disabilities, single parenthood, lack of education, language barriers, felony history, prolonged absence from the workforce (such as disabled veterans or displaced homemakers), substance abuse, co-occurring disorders, domestic neglect or violence, homelessness, and physical challenges. These Industries serve to intervene for such people and hence contributing to economic development in the long run. The Supported Program for employment is projected for only those with significance of disability. It provides greater comprehensive support to the victims in order to increase their opportunity for being successful on their relevant job (Moore, 2001). Goodwill Industries only accepts only those items that are in excellent shape. For instance if the items include electronics they have to be fully operational. Goodwill Industry does not perform repairing services. In case it accepts non functional items without its knowledge, it contracts a salvage company to clear from its stores non working items such as radios, televisions, microwaves, cameras and similar products working order (Moore, 2001). Goodwill can offer pick up services for organizations, businesses and schools that would be interested to donate: overstock, scratch and dent, office furniture and surplus inventory. Goodwill Industries have created policies help them follow up and keep constant track of all donated items. These policies also aids in preventing frauds. To begin with, any donated goods that are yet to been processed cannot be issued or sold before they reach the relevant retail stores. After they are processed, they are distributed to store randomly (Helms, 2001). Goodwill Industries also provide career solutions for adults via various programs. These programs include, computer classes, forklift certification, job readiness sessions, Microsoft Office Suite classes, security guard training, call center training, janitorial services, counseling and job placement, customer and retail, service basics, and also transitional employment services. Goodwill determines prices of donated items by market value and competitive. However, prices at Goodwill Industries are at least 50 percent less compared to what customers would pay in other retail stores. Any states do not charge taxes on second hand goods an especially clothes which acts as a major advantage for Goodwill Industries (Helms, 2001). These industries offer retail jobs, which include; Retail sales clerks, Administrative, support staff, processors and management Youth services staff, Truck drivers/helpers Rehabilitation program aides, Adult services staff, material handlers and Donation center attendants. These employees enjoy accrued benefit such as health insurance, vacation, Competitive wages, dental insurance, holiday and a retirement plan (Helms, 2001). Goodwill Industries do not hold fundraising events or solicit cash donations, but financial donations are gratefully accepted. Most of these Industries set offer employment with higher opportunities for disabled and those with barriers to employment. Some of the services that the disabled perform include, Light Assembly, sorting, labeling and Packaging. They are also involved in: shrink Wrapping, Mailing, Blister Packing, Craft projects and Stuffing Envelopes (Keeler, 1992). Goodwill Industries strive to ensure that their stores are invariably full of fresh products. Merchandise remains in the retail stores for few weeks, and then it is marked down severally after few weeks. If the item does not sell after a given time, it is transferred to any Clearance Center where it is offered at an amount. If the items still fail to sell in the Clearance Center, they are sold in bulk to third party recyclers or recycled (Moore, 2001). Goodwill Industries make sales online. They have created online bidding sites that require bidders to register online in order to browse, place bid and be able to buy any item that is available for sale. This site normally notify bidders whenever they are outbid on an item and if they have lost or won the auction (Keeler, 1992). All activities of Goodwill and business operations are handled in a manner that they are environmentally friendly. They believe in making useable goods from discarded items, and if an item can’t be salvaged a proper method of recycling is ensured. By so doing, they are able to call themselves upstanding citizens of environment (Helms, 2001). Policy of Goodwill Industries Goodwill industries are dedicated to services delivery in an environment that is conformed to the highest standards of administration accountability, financial management, developmental training, marketing and business. Goodwill industries leadership is committed to the need to detect and prevent fraud, misappropriation of funds, fiscal management and hence maintenance and development of a corporate compliance formal program to ascertain conformance and ongoing monitoring with all regulatory requirements that are legal. Additionally, the organization is dedicated to the maintenance, implementation and establishment of a program of corporate compliance that insists on a number of things (Moore, 2001). Firstly, avoid wrong doings, which can be both unintentional or intentional, and immediate investigation and reporting of questionable practices and activities without any penalty to the party reporting. Secondly, immediate correction of any circumstance that puts the goodwill industries, its staff or leaders, consumers and sources of funding at risk (Moore, 2001). Procedures of Goodwill Industries The operations of goodwill industries entail the following procedures. The board of directors through official declaration, delegates’ general responsibility for the program of Corporate Compliance to the CEO/ President with supervisory responsibilities allocated to the Committee specifically the Finance Committee. The CEO/ Preside will assess the program of the corporate compliance of the Organization and provide regular and periodic reports to the whole Board of Directors and committee on issues relating to the program. The CEO officially delegates to the Administration and Finance Vice President as Officer of the Corporate Compliance. The Officer of Corporate compliance has various responsibilities (Moore, 2001). The first responsibility is providing staff assistance to the Financial Committee and works as the main contact point of the Organization for all issues of corporate compliance, which include coming up with recommendations to the Board of directors, the Committee and CEO/President and regular reporting on activities of compliance (Helms, 2001).. Another responsibility is to monitor, implement and develop – on a consistent and regular basis – the program corporate compliance of the organization, which include all systems and procedures, reporting and investigative processes, auditing, and external and internal monitoring (Helms, 2001). Thirdly, the committee is responsible for monitoring, coordinating and scheduling periodic and regular reviews of areas of risk by competent external and/or internal persons to the organization. These reviews will supplement the yearly audit of the organization’s system of accounting and offer an additional inner measure. This is to make sure that it complies with financial practices and policies that will endure the thorough examination of any regulatory examination or audit. Another responsibility of the committee is that it has unimpeded and directs access to the independent auditors of the organization, legal body on issues that relate to compliance of the organization, board of directors and CEO/president (Helms, 2001). The reports to the Board of directors, the committee and CEO/President will include the following, a summary of all criticisms processed in the previous twelve months in combination with the program of corporate compliance, investigations and allegations. Additionally, a description of all complete corrective accomplishments taken and thirdly, any recommendations to changes in procedures and/or policies of the organization. The summary will consist of incidents of theft of funds of Goodwill and or pattern, product of irregularities in finances, significant irregularities in accounting and/or errors, investigations of media related to ethics and confidentiality breach (Moore, 2001). Committee Formation The Board’s Finance Committee shall be in charge of oversight of all activities of Corporate Compliance. Committee members can also be part of other committees. They should not depend on management and free themselves from any association that would affect the use of their independent decision as members of the Committee. The Committee of such organization shall meet more than two years annually, and as frequent as the situation requires. The committee of goodwill industries shall keep all the meetings’ minutes to document its recommendations and activities (Moore, 2001). Primary Committee’s Goals The committee helps the Board in accomplishing its fiduciary duties relating to financial and legal compliance with applicable policies, industry guidelines laws, and regulatory requirements. Additionally, it is in charge of all practices of auditing reporting and accounting, whose goal is to reveal accurately and properly the financial condition and status of the Organization (Keeler, 1992). Another responsibility of the committee is to oversee the implementation and adoption of procedures and policies that will necessitate for the industry and its workers to comply fully with all relevant polices, regulations and laws. Moreover, it helps the board to fulfill its tasks to stakeholders that relate to integrity and quality of financial reporting, practices of financial reporting, and policies of accounting (Keeler, 1992). Duties of the Committee While the committee carries out its responsibilities and duties, it should ensure that part of its members possess expertise in the financial field. The financial experts must have a general understanding of GAAP and an understanding of statements of finance. Additionally, such persons should have an in depth understanding of preparing, analyzing, auditing, and evaluating statements of finance, which should include a level and depth of complexity of issues of accounting that are usually around six to twenty pages. These pages should be comparable to the complexity and breadth of matters that can rationally be anticipated to be introduced by the financial statements’ registrant (Helms, 2001). The financial experts should be experienced in supervising individuals taking part in these financial activities. Additionally, they should understand internal procedures and controls for financial reporting. Another duty of these experts is to have an understanding of compliance and audit functions. Moreover, they should provide ample opportunity for the external auditors to meet with committee members so that they can receive feedback on their individual compliance evaluations relating to auditing, accounting, financial, regulatory and legal practices (Helms, 2001). The financial experts meet with the financial management and independent auditors at the end of the yearly audit to review results of audit which include any recommendations or comments of the external auditors. Moreover, they evaluate changes in the applicable procedures and policies and standards of accounting. Additionally, they review the outcomes, which is included in the management letter of the independent auditors and response and actions of management to be taken. Another duty involves evaluation of the yearly statements of finance and ensures that the external auditors become satisfied with the disclosure and content and of the statements of finance. Moreover, they are in charge of the compliance program’s implementation connected to business conduct that will make sure that high conduct and ethical standards are complied with and communicated properly to all employees regularly (Moore, 2001). Adequate Documentation Policy The purpose of the policy of documentation is to ensure that all cost, accounting and financial, data based its information on adequate, verifiable and auditable documentation. The policy of all release or disclosure of statements of finance should be stated such that it does not contain false material statement, or leave out a statement of material fact. Additionally, it should reconcile the information of finance presented including the financial results and condition of business operations. Moreover, all financial and cost data should be based on statistical and financial records that can be verified. The data of cost should be relevant to an approved costing method and on accrual accounting basis (Moore, 2001). Goodwill industries prohibit material omissions and misstatements of any data that is arranged on behalf or by the organization. Additionally, presentation of cost, accounting and financial data which is misleading is not acceptable. Moreover, financial data accessible to external reports must follow GAAP. Adequate cost, accounting and financial data should be efficient and effective for the organization’s management, should be reliable in relation to applicable business concepts and should be capable of undergoing auditing. Moreover, adequate cost data must have records which support it so as to gain reimbursement by any government or agencies from which finances are gotten. The prerequisite of adequate information insists that data have sufficient details and be accurate in order to achieve the goals intended (Keeler, 1992). The financial disclosure statement policy has been introduced by goodwill industries to guarantee the integrity of disclosure of financial, annual statement. The objective of financial disclosure integrates integrity, review of any possible variance of interest between affiliates, officers and board of directors and auditor that can affect the independence of auditors (Keeler, 1992). Another objective is to promote professional competency and ethics standards, performing evaluation of a work product of auditors, and ensure capability of auditors. All these goals are intended to validate assessment of management of the performance of the organization, business trends and effects of significant accounting estimates and policies. This is highlighted as the crucial feature of annual disclosure of financial statement. This policy is intended to ensure the truth of documents of corporate finances, highlight the imprecision in all activities of reimbursement and ensure immediate remediation and disclosure of any overpayments identified (Keeler, 1992). The goodwill industries ensure that Ethics Code are adopted and applicable to each and every employee and promotes ethical and honest conduct; averting of variances of interest; timely, fair, accurate and understandable disclosure in the periodic reports of the issuer, and conformance with applicable government regulations and rules. For example, to make sure that the Colorado Springs goodwill industries’ best interests are fulfilled, the organization has introduced a policy of conflict of interest which applies to all employees, officers and directors. Additionally, the committee will oversee entire financial and other types of disclosures as stated under such a policy (Helms, 2001). Good will industries have a legal policy related to search warrants, subpoenas and other investigations. These policies provide assistance relating to how search warrants, subpoenas and other investigations are handled. This legal policy does not take care of investigations or subpoenas, which a worker may receive and which are not directly linked to their Goodwill employment. The purpose of the policy is to ensure that goodwill organizations cooperate with external audits, searches and investigations of the government. In case of an inquiry or a visit from an agency of the government related to legal documents, search warrant and subpoena is received, the CCO (Corporate compliance officer) must be notified. This officer will evaluate the document and ensure that follow up action is undertaken, including the legal CEO Counsel being notified (Moore, 2001). Members of Staff who receive an inquiry or a visit from an agency of the government regarding any Goodwill Industries should direct such a person to the CCO, and must desist from talking about business matters of the Organization with such an individual until and/or unless CCO gives such a directive. Moreover, members of staff served with a subpoena requiring them to testify on a matter linked to their employment must notify the CCO. The CCO will review the subpoena received immediately and ensure that follow up action is undertaken (Moore, 2001). In conclusion, Goodwill industries ensure that any operation that is carried out by such organization is environmentally friendly. Additionally, such industries have financial experts who ensure that the statements of finance of such organizations are not misrepresented. Therefore, goodwill companies ensure that they employ integrity in all their financial and operational activities.

Black Tree Snake Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and the Department of Defense has taken it as a high priority to prevent migration of this species to Hawaii. (USDA, October 1998) Due to the escalating problems caused to the ecosystem and damage caused by the Boiga endangering the lives of many of the species of birds and animals going to the extent of making them extinct, the Government has swung into action to control the snakes. Its first aim is â€Å"to deter its dispersal through Guams cargo traffic to other locations†. (Integrated Pest Management Reviews, Vol. 6, March 2001) Another objective is to protect Guam from the Brown Tree snake intrusion by capturing and controlling the growing population of snakes. â€Å"To manage the impacts of biological invasions, it is important to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects invasive species have on native populations†. (Journal on Biological Invasions, Vol. 5, March 2003) Problems of the species: The Boiga was first introduced to Guam in the 1940’s and 50’s during which time there was abundant prey and not many predators. As time passed the species multiplied to such a great extent on the island that it caused a lot of ecological and economic disturbances and problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Tree Snake or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now They also incur huge economic losses by causing electrical outages when climbing electrical transmission wires and short circuiting the wires. Millions of dollars are lost due to this. Reports from the Agricultural department too show that heavy losses are incurred by treating animals like dogs, puppies, rabbits and goats. etc. from the venomous bite of the Boiga. It has also proved to be a menace to Guam’s ecosystem which is thrown into imbalance because many species of birds and animals are almost become extinct. Steps taken to reduce the population of Brown tree Snakes: One of the most effective methods to get rid of these snakes is by fumigation using Methyl Bromide. As Fritts says, â€Å"It is mildly venomous and poses a human health risk†. (Fritts, 1990). Fumigation of huge containers in the harbor showed that Methyl Bromide was very effective in killing the snakes. Another method used is by using sniffer dogs who sniffed out the se snakes from their hiding places. Other methods include setting various kinds of traps to trap the snakes. Forest staff keep a close check by day and by night to protect the areas where these snakes frequent. The Boiga Irregularis has proved to be a menace and a threat to the Ecological balance of the environment.