Psychosexual Development vs. Psychosocial Development Essay

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, and died in London, England. He belonged to Vienna, where he resided at for eighty years. His long life spans one of the most creative periods in history of science. When Freud was three, his family took him to Vienna, where there is when he saw the publication of Charles Darwins Origin of Species. The following year Gustav Fechner founded the science of psychology, He demonstrated that mind could be studied scientifically and measured quantitatively. Darwin and Fechner ended up making a tremendous impact on Freuds intellectual development. Although Freud had been trained in medicine and received a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1881, he never intended†¦show more content†¦During the nineties The Interpretation of Dreams was written by Freud. Very few laymen read his book. It was also ignored in medical and scientific circles. Despite the negativity, a succession of brilliant book and articles ca me right after The Interpretation of Dreams. Although, for a number of years, Freud worked pretty much in isolation from the rest of the scientific and medical world. In 1909, he received his first academic recognition by being invited to speak at the twentieth anniversary celebration of Clark University. More recognition came to Freud helping him become know from millions of people all over the world. By profession Freud was a physician. He helped treat sick people mentally. Today he is considered a psychiatrist. Although he had to earn his living by practising medicine, he chose to not follow that pathway for his life. By preference Freud was a scientist. He learned how to collect data and follow all research processes to come to a conclusion. Altogether Freud was a physician, psychiatrist, scientist, and psychologist, but even more so a philosopher. Whatever Freud touched he illuminated. Erik Erikson (1902- Erikson was born to Danish parents in 1902. He was raised in German by his mother and his pediatricians. After Erik had grown to be a few years old he accepted the paediatrician and loved him as his father. When he left for college his main studies were history and language of arts. At the age twenty-five, heShow MoreRelatedErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 Pageswhich are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychology by Erik Erikson (Berk, 2007). Erikson suggested that everyone experiences a series of psychosocial stages instead of psychosexual stages as proposed by Sigmund Freud. Despite the fact that Erikson disagreed with Sigmund Freud in so many areas in his psychosexual theory, it was actually Freud’s psychosexual theory that helpedRead MoreDifference Between Freud vs. Erikson Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesDifference between Freud vs. Erikson ENG 121 Difference between Freud vs. Erikson In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories thatRead MoreSigmund Freud And Ericksons Developmental Theories1262 Words   |  6 PagesFreud and Erickson’s Developmental Theories The issue of human development has been a pertinent one within the human society. In this respect, there are several developmental theories that have been forwarded by some of the world’s most renowned psychologists. The two main psychoanalytic theories of concern are Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Sigmund Freud was a supporter of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and thus his theory is similar to the latter’s albeitRead MorePsychology2912 Words   |  12 Pageshave a pacifier. Mary is an affectionate parent, and all of her childs needs are met. How could the actions that occur in the childs life now affect her later development? Similarities of Freud and Erikson Sigmund Freuds psychosexual theory and Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory are two important psychoanalytic theories on human development that could be used to explain the developmental effects of this scenario. In this lesson, we will examine what these two theories have in common and how theyRead MoreDevelopment Theories1579 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our textRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory Vs. Erick s Psychosocial Theory938 Words   |  4 PagesFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory vs. Erick’s Psychosocial Theory Many follow the theories of ether Freud’s or Erickson’s that the use of development is through a variety of stages throughout life. People may believe in one over the other as they are both different theories. While Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician who is well known for his revolutionary ideas on psychology and psychiatry, but also on Western thought in general. He states that If electronic media were hazardous to intelligence, theRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 PagesZoi Arvanitidis 05/16/17 ECEE-310 Dr.Alkins Studying Erikson’s Psychosocial theory Erik Erikson was a student of another theorist, Sigmund Freud. Erikson expanded on Freud’s psychosexual theory. Erikson later developed the psychosocial theory. This theory described the effect of one’s social experiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we developRead MoreInfancy, School Age, early Adulthood1137 Words   |  5 PagesAssessments The â€Å"Eight Stages of Man,† a developmental theory created by Erik Erikson, has received praise and criticism as a model of psychosocial development. As a student of Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud, Erikson based his model on Freud’s psychosexual stages and psychoanalytic theory. According to Freud’s theory, psychosexual development is broken down into five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory proposes that personalityRead MoreLifespan Development : Cognitive, And Personal And Social Development1717 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development is the field of study that examines patterns, modes of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan of an individual. There are so many things to keep in mind about Lifespan Psychology; 1. Lifespan Psychology is a scientific, developmental approach that focuses on human development. 2. Scientists who study the lifespan know that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development. 3. Development is a continuingRead MorePsychoanalytic Theories Explain Development As Unconscious Processes That Are Heavily Colored By Emotion846 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytic theories explain development as unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion (Santrock 2014). Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist who established a psychosexual theory believing that development occurred during life stage conflicts between a source of pleasure and the demands of reality. Many theorists after Freud believed that there was a good basis in Freud’s theory but it relied too much on the idea of sexual instincts. One such theorist was Erik Erikson

The Biological, Social And Cognitive Changes - 1417 Words

My adolescent years were not always easy, and proved to be a complicated learning process filled with lots of failures. This is a time when the brain is changing, as well as the hormones inside our bodies, which can reflect how we behave on the outside. At the time this was not so noticeable for me, but as I look back, I can see how the biological, social and cognitive changes I was undergoing really had an effect on me. I began to think differently, my behavior changed and I started to change physically, some of these were for the better, and some were not so appreciated. Our cognitions are a big part of what it means to be human, and the changes that we undergo regarding them in our adolescence can be stressful. As we learned in class,†¦show more content†¦Another aspect of being and becoming a teenager is the development of risk-taking behavior. This I can attest to personally, as the memories I have of my teenage years are among the most thrilling that I have. I used to sneak out of my house at night to meet up with friends, and to engage in some forbidden â€Å"urban exploring.† At the time it did not occur to me that what I was doing was dangerous and I did not understand why others, usually older acquaintances, made such a big deal of it when they found out. This desire for risk-taking and reward seeking can be explained by the social neuroscience theory as a reaction to the changes that are happening in the brain (Lawford, Jan 13), one of these changes are the ones that are occurring in the dopaminergic system. Most of my risky behavior was when I was with others, even if were just small things like who would cross the busy street without waiting for the green light. When we are teenagers, as discussed in class, our peers play a large role in our decision to engage in risk-taking because they can contribute to activating the reward process in our brains (Lawford, Jan 13). Which would explain the desire that I had when I was younger to do more daring things when I was with friends, instead of alone. Biological transitions, like puberty, are also an essential part of adolescence, some having

Analysis of Reasons for Immigrants Coming to UK

Question: Describe about Analysis of Reasons for Immigrants Coming to UK? Answer: 1. Introduction: Field Research This research is focused towards performing a critical assessment of the reasons leading to the immigrants coming to UK. The primary research has been carried out on behalf of UK Border Agency (UKBA) with a view to assess the primary reason leading to increasing number of immigrants coming to the country (UK Border Agency, 2015). With the globalisation of world economy and increasing opportunities available in the developed economies, it has been quite popular within public that they are moving towards such developed economies for a number of reasons. An analysis of UK Border Agency indicates that it has been replaced by UK Visas and Immigration. The agency is concerned with managing the applications from the people those want to visit UK and settle over there. However, there can various reasons that are driven by such people coming to UK, and this field study is solely focused towards assessing the main reasons leading to such an increase in the immigrants across the country (Bulgar ian and Romanian migration to the UK, 2014). As a part of this field research, the main areas that are being focused are especially related to defining the universe, identification of a sample, selecting of an appropriate approach to perform the field research work, selection of appropriate data collection method and designing of questionnaire. These aspects are crucial from the point of view of performing the field research work and as such, they are covered in the following section. Identification of Research Universe Research universe mainly explains about the entire target population for the study. The target population identification is crucial because it enables the researcher in performing the collection of most relevant data. Research universe is therefore dependent on the area that the researcher seeks to analyse. In this context, the given research is focused towards analysing the reasons for higher level of immigration within UK, and this can be analysed by way of examining the immigrants within UK. As a result, the research universe can be defined as all the immigrants that have come to UK and selected it as a place of residence. They all comprise the research universe in doing this research (Scruggs and Mastropieri, 2006). Identification of Representative Sample It is not feasible to study the entire research universe because of the factors such as time, finance, approach and accessibility to them. As a result, the researcher is required to make a selection of appropriate target sample from the entire population that can be studied and based on studying such sample, decisions can be represented over the entire population. In respect to this research on analysing the reasons leading to increasing number of immigrants in UK, the representative sample that has been considered to study is the Bulgarian immigrants that are living in UK. The immigrants in UK are from different backgrounds and for this research purpose, the specific representative sample as selected is the Bulgarians residing in UK. By analysing them, the reasons for immigrants coming to UK can be better evaluated. The sample size that has been considered is a sample of 30 Bulgarian people and their selection is done on the basis of systematic random sampling strategy whereby only Bulgarian immigrants are selected on systematic basis in performing the collection of data (Muijs, 2010). Selection of Approach The selection of an appropriate approach with respect to data collection is essential, and this can be ensured by the researcher from considering the approaches such as qualitative data, quantitative data and by way of observation. These are the common approaches that are available to the researcher to select in performing the data collection and their selection is highly done on the basis of nature of the research. In respect to given research on analysing the causes or reasons for increasing number of immigrants in UK, the research approach that has been selected is a mixture of both the qualitative data and quantitative data (Creswell, 2003). Selection of Appropriate Data Collection Method The selection of an appropriate data collection method is essential and this method could allow for the collection of relevant data in achieving the research aims and objectives in a positive manner. The data collection methods available to researcher are face to face interviews, survey, observation and many more. But the data collection method that has been applied in performing the collection of data in this research is face to face interview whereby the Bulgarian immigrants in UK are directly interviewed through a list of questions. In these ways, the collection of data has been performed through applying face to face interview method. A specific process has been followed in collecting data whereby the researchers have selected specific Bulgarian based immigrant by visiting across different popular and common areas in UK and by directly asking people regarding their home country, the people from Bulgaria are selected and they are interviewed to analyse their reason or purpose of v isiting or residing in UK (Berg and Latin, 2007). Designing a Questionnaire In performing the collection of qualitative and quantitative data, the researcher is required to design a questionnaire that comprises of necessary questions which can be asked in properly achieving the main aim and objectives of doing this research. The research questions are both of open ended and closed type and they are indicated below: Q1: You have come to UK on permanent basis of temporary basis? Permanent Temporary Not Sure Q2: Have you faced any problems in entering into UK? Yes No Q3: Is there any specific reason for coming to UK? Yes No Q4: Are you seeking for highly qualified educational services in UK and it became your primary reason in visiting the country? Yes No Q5: Are you currently working or in search of an employment condition across UK? Yes No Q6: Does the main purpose of your coming to UK is to seek professional development in UK? Yes No Q7: Is there any other specific purpose of coming to UK? Please explain in detail? __________________________________________________________________ Q8: Are you satisfied from your decision of coming to UK? Yes No Q9: Will you ever consider returning back to your home country in Bulgaria? Yes No Q10: What is your overall experience in UK and how would you compare your country with that of UK? (Newman and Benz, 1998). __________________________________________________________________ Conducting Research/Data Collection The actual research work has been carried out by the researcher and the performance of research task has resulted into the collection of significant level of data. Such data as collected would form the basis in doing this entire research in a positive manner and thereby in accomplishing the main aim in a positive manner. The research has been conducted with 30 immigrants from Bulgaria in a positive way, and since researcher has specifically selected people from Bulgaria, the research work has been conducted till there are 30 respondents participated in the process. In this way, the collection of data has been positively carried out in this research and its analysis in the next section could result into the attainment of main purpose for which the given research has been conducted (Taylor, 2006). Overall, the entire field research as carried out has been highly effective from the point of view of researching the main reasons for which immigrants are coming to UK market. 2. Research Report and Presentation Introduction This research is mainly focused towards analysing the purpose of immigrants coming to UK. There has been increasing number of people that are switching across countries for various purposes. This immigration by people across countries is significantly higher especially within students because they seek to avail the best quality education in order to pursue their professional goals. However, there are people that went to different countries for the purpose of seeking employment and thereby in achieving higher growth. There can be different reasons for people migrating to different countries. Such higher level of immigration within people is mainly because of development of convenient transportation system and entering into different countries has been quite easier. Background This research in particular is focused towards analysing the specific case of UK whereby the focus is towards analysing the rising cases of Bulgarian people coming into UK. An analysis of the case of UK as performed in the research indicates that Romania and Bulgaria migrants into UK reach at a significantly higher level. The number of Romanians and Bulgarians who have come to work in Britain has reached a significantly higher level (Warner, 2014). Data from Office for National Statistics has indicated that there has been significantly higher number of migrants coming to UK and there is varied nature of purposes for which they enter into the country. There has been increasingly number of Bulgarian that is immigrating into UK. As indicated in the article, people in the UK are migrating because of increasing job opportunities available in the UK markets (Barrett, 2014). In 2014, the statistics indicate that there has been increasing number of Bulgarian that has entered into the UK in t he said financial year. It has been assessed that the migrants from Romania and Bulgaria into the UK has topped 150000 in the second quarter and this has been a significant rise in the number of migrants to the country (Barrett, 2014). As there has been significant rise being witnessed with respect to the number of migrants across the country, this has resulted into the performance of this research to analyse the major reasons that have contributed towards such rising cases of Bulgarians. As a result, the research is specifically aimed at performing an analysis especially in the context of Bulgarian people that have migrated to UK in order to analyse the reasons for which they have migrated into the country. An analysis of the article by Barrett (2014) indicates that majority of the migrants to UK have indicated themselves as self-employed, and this has been an important factor which suggests the reasons for people migrating to the country. However, this research is highly specific and aims at analysing the reasons that have become the prime contributing factor towards such rise in the Bulgarians in UK economy. Purpose The purpose of doing this research has been clarified from the background analysis as carried above which suggests that the main purpose of doing this research has been to analyse the reasons for which immigrants from Bulgaria are increasing in UK. In order to address this purpose, the researcher has specifically carried out a critical analysis of literature and also performed primary research so that the reasons for people migrating to UK can be better assessed (Ehrenberg, 2015). Description of Research Methods Used The research methods as utilised in performing this research for the purpose of collecting data are the combination of primary research and secondary research. The primary research has been applied in the form of performing interviews which have been carried out specifically with the Bulgarian immigrants that are currently in UK. Since this research is focused towards performing an analysis of increase in Bulgarian migrants, the research methods in the form of primary research has been carried out. Apart from this, the researcher has also applied the secondary research method in performing the collection of data, and this has been ensured by way of accessing academic journal articles, books and online articles on Bulgarian migrants coming to UK (Walsh and Wigens, 2003). In these ways, the collection of data has been ensured in this research to analyse the research aims and objectives in a positive manner. Questionnaire Utilised in the Research In performing this research, the researcher has specifically considered a questionnaire and it comprises of both the closed ended questions and open ended questions in order to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The research questions as involved are specifically aimed at collecting data with respect to the reasons for which Bulgarians have entered into the UK market. The questionnaire as utilised in doing this research are included in the appendix section. Analysis of Data Collected This section has been the important section in doing this research in a positive manner. The main emphasis in this section of the analysis is mainly focused towards analysing the collected data so as to reach appropriate conclusion. The researcher has performed the collection of specific data through the application of primary research in the form of interview and secondary research in the form of literature analysis. On the basis of data as collected, they are specifically analysed with a view to reach conclusion regarding the main reasons for which immigrants have entered into the UK market (Wilson, 2010). The analysis of the responses collected from doing the primary research is performed as follows: Analysis of Responses to Question 1: The first question has been focused towards analysing the nature of entrance of people into the market of UK, and the conduct of the research has indicated the following findings: The findings above from the responses as shared by respondents implies that there are 22 such respondents that have indicated that they come to UK on permanent basis, whereas 5 others have indicated that their nature of coming into the UK market is temporary, and the remaining 3 of them have indicated that they have entered into UK market, but they are not sure whether they are for permanent basis or for temporary basis. The analysis above indicates that there is higher level of permanence being identified in respect to the immigrants into the UK. Analysis of Responses to Question 2: This question assesses the problems faced by immigrants while entering into UK and the performance of interview has indicated the following major findings: The analysis above indicates the responses of the respondents which suggest that 17 of them have indicated positively that they have encountered problems while establishing in UK whereas 13 others have indicated that they did not faced any such problem. This finding indicates that there are certain major formalities that are required to be fulfilled in which immigrants often faces problems and this is the reason leading to majority of the respondents positively indicated that they faced problems. Analysis of Responses to Question 3: This question assesses the reasons leading to the immigrants coming to UK and the performance of interview indicated the following major findings: There have been specific reasons behind people coming to UK, and this is evident from the responses as shared by respondents above. It has been evaluated that there are 28 such respondents that have clearly indicated that they have visited UK for some specific purposes in their life, whereas in respect to 2 others, it has been identified that there is no such specific reasons behind their visit. When they have asked about the reasons, they have indicated that they come for leisure and enjoying the beauty and tourist destinations across UK. Analysis of Responses to Question 4: This question assesses whether the immigrants are seeking for accessibility to high class education system of UK and the conduct of interview revealed the following responses: The analysis above indicates that only 8 out of 30 immigrants from Bulgaria have positively indicated that they have been into UK mainly because of accessing the efficient educational system whereas 22 others have indicated that this is not their purpose of visiting UK. The interview with respondents has resulted into identification that there are only 8 students while others are mainly younger generation people, and these 8 of them have clearly specifies that they want to have accessibility to UKs best education practices. Analysis of Responses to Question 5: In this question, the researcher analyses whether the Bulgarian immigrant is currently working or looking towards searching job employment, and the following finding is revealed: The above responses by the respondents implies that majority of them have indicated their main purpose of visiting UK is mainly to search for employment. This has positively been agreed by 20 respondents whereas the remaining 10 respondents have indicated no which means that they are not seeking any job opportunities in UK. This implies that the main purpose for majority of Bulgarians in migrating to UK is mainly the search for employment. They are mainly driven by searching their livelihood. The performance of interview has indicated that out of these 20 respondents, 14 of them are currently working and 6 others are search for employment opportunities. Analysis of Responses to Question 6: In respect to this particular question, the focus has been towards analysing whether the purpose of coming to UK is mainly to achieve professional development, and the performance of analysis indicated the following findings: The above responses by the respondents indicate that there are only 2 such respondents that have indicated that their main focus in visiting UK has been to achieve professional development whereas 28 others have indicated no. This signifies that the immediate concern of the visitors is not towards seeking professional development. Analysis of Responses to Question 7: This question assesses whether there are any other reasons for the immigrants in visiting UK and the performance of interview has indicated that there are few of the respondents that have indicated certain other important reasons for their migration to UK. As for instance, some of them have indicated that they migrate to UK mainly because their husbands are in UK, and after marriage, they also have to shift in UK. Apart from this, there are few other respondents that have indicated that they migrate to UK mainly because of availing high quality treatment across the country. This might be because of lack of such facilities in their home country which has resulted into their migration to UK on temporary basis. Some of them have also indicated that their children got better job opportunities which led to their parents also shifted to UK. These are some of the important reasons that have been cited by the interviewed respondents for their immigration into UK. Analysis of Responses to Question 8: This question assesses whether the immigrants are satisfied from their decision of coming to UK and the following findings is achieved: The findings from the responses of the respondents above clarifies that there has been higher level of satisfaction within them from their decision of coming to UK. This has been evaluated from the above responses which suggest that 27 of them are satisfied while 3 others are dissatisfied from it. The respondents that are dissatisfied are mainly because of their inability in accessing important ways of making money, and this is the primary reason for which they are dissatisfied. Analysis of Responses to Question 9: This question assesses whether the respondents would consider returning back into Bulgaria in their home country and the research findings indicate the following: The above findings clarifies that there are 25 such respondents that have indicated that they would never return back to Bulgaria and they are likely to remain in UK for their lifetime. But there are five other respondents that have indicated that they would likely to return back to their home country and this is mainly because they have indicated about their association with the home country. Analysis of Responses to Question 10: Finally, the respondents were asked to explain their overall experience in UK and to share their views with respect to UK as compared to their home country. On the basis of performance of analysis, it has been evaluated that the respondents have indicated that they are highly satisfied from the environment in UK. Majority of them have indicated their satisfaction and they have opined that they get accessibility to all those things which are not there in their home country. Apart from this, as compared to their home country, they have indicated that UK has broader scope for achieving success because of availability of larger resources in it. Overall, the findings above have been highly significant from the point of view of ensuring that the main research aim and objectives are positively accomplished. Evaluation of Data Collected On the basis of data as collected and their analysis as performed above, it has been evaluated that there has been higher level of preference within respondents for immigrating into UK for a number of reasons. However, the above analysis of the responses of the respondents lead to identification that majority of them have migrated to UK mainly in search of employment conditions. This has been the most significant driving factor for the people visiting UK, and as a result, this aspect is considered as the main purpose of their visit into UK. Secondly, the purpose of getting accessibility to educational system of UK is also an important factor that drives people in coming into UK, and this has been evident in respect to significant number of Bulgarians as analysed above. Apart from this, there are certain other purposes being evaluated for the immigration of Bulgarians into UK such as some people expecting to get better healthcare accessibility and undergoes their treatment while other s got married which leads to their immigration from different country into UK. Overall, the evaluation of the collected data suggests that there are various important reasons being identified for the Bulgarians in entering into the UK economy. Recommendations for the Future Areas of the Research On the basis of analysis as carried out above, it has been recommended that the future areas of research should specifically focus towards analysing the how the migrated people are making use of their decisions of migrating into UK, and is it likely that they would encourage their other family members to come and migrate into UK on permanent basis. Comparison of What is Expected and What has been Found Out The expectations from doing this research initially was to find out various nature of purposes that have been evident within the Bulgarian Migrants in entering into UK and the conduct of the research has resulted into the successful identification of the important reasons for which Bulgarians are immigrating into UK. The research findings have indicated that there are various such reasons that have become the primary factor behind the immigration of Bulgarian into UK and this leads to conclusion that what has been expected has been completely accomplished from doing this research. Conclusion This research is mainly focused towards analysing what has been the major reason behind increasing number of immigrants into UK and the researcher has carried out the research by way of performing the collection of primary data in the form of interviews with Bulgarian immigrants and secondary data in the form of literature review. The collection and analysis of data has resulted into identification that Bulgarian immigrants are mainly because of getting accessibility to Jobs, and also because of experiencing the educational system that have been prevalent across the economy. There are various other reasons that have also been noted including the accessibility to good healthcare system across UK and also their marriage which makes them to shift on permanent basis in UK. References Barrett, D. (2014). Romania and Bulgaria migrants reach record high [Online]. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/11225190/Romania-and-Bulgaria-migrants-reach-record-high.html [Accessed: 24 January 2015]. Barrett, D. (2014). Number of Romanian and Bulgarian workers in Britain hits new high [Online]. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/11030392/Number-of-Romanian-and-Bulgarian-workers-in-Britain-hits-new-high.html [Accessed: 24 January 2015]. Bulgarian and Romanian migration to the UK, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/may-2014/sty-bulgaria-and-romania.html [Accessed: 25 January 2015]. Berg, K.E. and Latin, R.W. (2007), Essentials of research methods in health, physical education, exercise science, and recreation Point. (3rd ed.), Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Creswell, J.W. (2003), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd ed, UK: Publisher SAGE. Ehrenberg, B. (2015). Why do immigrants want to come to the UK? It's not to get benefits or steal British jobs [Online]. Available at: https://www.cityam.com/1415106077/why-do-immigrants-want-to-come-to-the-uk-its-not-to-get-benefits-or-steal-british-jobs [Accessed: 25 January 2015]. Muijs, D. (2010), Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. (2nd ed.), SAGE Publications Ltd. Newman, I. and Benz, C.R. (1998), Qualitative-quantitative research methodology: exploring the interactive continuum. SIU Press. Scruggs, T.E. and Mastropieri, M.A. (2006), Applications of Research Methodology. Emerald Group Publishing. Taylor, R.H. (2006), Research Methodology: A Guide for Researchers in Management and Social Sciences, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. UK Border Agency, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-border-agency [Accessed: 25 January 2015]. Walsh, M. and Wigens, L. (2003), Introduction to Research, UK: Nelson Thornes. Wilson, J. (2010), Essentials of Business Research: A Guide to Doing Your Research Project. SAGE Publications Ltd. Warner, J. (2014). Heres why migrants want to come to Britain [Online]. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10680905/Heres-why-migrants-want-to-come-to-Britain.html [Accessed: 25 January 2015].

Mainstream Society Essays - Chilly Gonzales, I Am Joaquin

Mainstream Society In the poem ? I am Joaquin ? written by poet/writer Rodolfo Gonzales portrays how his culture battles but still survive in today's mainstream society. Gonzales knows that his ancestors lost the economic battle, but still managed to survive culturally. He also understands that he must fight so the future can be bright for his son's and he must let them know how hard it was to be where he is now. Gonzales is pleased that he hasn't been trapped in today's mainstream society and that he is not ashamed because of his heritage background. Gonzales also writes about how he endures in a society that brings him down because of his cultural background. Gonzales wants his kids to understand how his ancestors struggled but endured to survive culturally. Gonzales acknowledges that his bloodlines remained culturally even though losing the battle economically, so he must fight to bring hope for the future,? I must fight and win this struggle for my son's and they must know from me who I am.? Gonzales wants the future to understand where they came from and how there was struggle for the future. Gonzales writes,? I have endured in the rugged mountains of our country. My fathers have lost the economic battle and won the struggle of cultural survival.? Gonzales knows that's his ancestors lost the battle, but that dosen't matter because Gonzales is so proud that he is still here to fight. Gonzales writes,? I am still here,? it shows how he has endured and that his culture is still here. Gonzales is very proud that he has survived living in today's society,? I am the masses of my people and I refuse to be absorbed.? Gonzales also shows how he refuses to be acknowledged as someone else but as himself. He is happy with his culture,? La Raza! Mejicano! Espanol! Latino! Hispanio! Chicano or whatever I call myself, I look the same, I feel the same, I cry and sing the same. My faith unbreakable, my blood is pure.? Gonzales faith is so strong that it has endured through all of his struggles and his blood is pure. Gonzales continues to survive even though being put down by society. Gonzales explains how he and his culture endure with everything stacked up against them. He also writes that caught up in all the bewilderment he and his people will live perpetually. Gonzales writes,? Caught up in the whirl of a gringo society. Part of the blood that is mine has labored endlessly for four hundred years under the heel of lustful Europeans.? Gonzales understands that his blood has European greedy but he can deal with that and still survive. ? Destroyed by modern society.? Gonzales describes how mainstream society some of his culture (economically) and him. Gonzales still has hope he can endure. Gonzales must fight to let the future know they lost the economic battle but still survived culturally. He is so proud of himself of not getting caught up in mainstream society, he also has confidence that he can endure in a society that dosen't like him because of his bloodlines.

Amber Mileski Essays (810 words) - Neurochemistry, Neuroscience

Amber Mileski Essays (810 words) - Neurochemistry, Neuroscience Amber Mileski English 111 Compare and Contrast 26 March 2017 Fighting the Battle Against Drugs The utilization of med ications has expanded , as indicated by various articles in medicinal diaries. They debilitate groups everywhere throughout the world in view of how influence the organs of the body and their capacities. Split and cocaine are two of these risky medications. In this way, it is imperative for social insurance experts to know about them keeping in mind the end goal to manage any issues identified with their utilization that patients may involvement . Crack and cocaine have three comparative consequ ences for the human body. Although crack is warmth safe and cocaine is obliterated by warmth, both ca use hypertension. Likewise, crac k and cocaine achieve physiological and mental harm, contingent upon prior conditions and the degree of medication utilize. For instance, fantasy, psychosis, suspicion, and forceful conduct may happen, and an overdose of either may bring about cardiovascular crumple or writhing. At last, utilization of both medications can prompt fixation . The high from smoking crack and cocaine can be outweighed by numerous amount of negative effects. The most common side effects that have been reported are i rritability , anxiety, headache, depression, a ggressive, paranoid behavior , a bdominal pain , and sudden death due to a heart attack or stroke (The E ffects of Crack Use, 2017). They both have short term and long term effects on the body. The short-term physical and mental effects of using crack and cocaine are generally more intense than the effects from snorting powdered cocaine and are like what is experienced when injecting cocaine. These effects are also like other commonly abused stimulants such as methamphetamine . Individuals who utilize it frequently don't eat or rest appropriately. They can encounter significantly expanded heart rate, muscle fits and shakings. The medication can make individuals feel jumpy, furious, antagonistic, and restless notwithstanding when they aren't high. Regardless of how much of the drug is used or how frequently, crack cocaine increases the risk that the user will experience a heart attack, stroke, seizure, or respiratory failure (The E ffects of Crack Use, 2017). Long haul impacts from utilization of rocks incorporate serious harm to the heart, liver, and kidneys. Clients will probably have irresistible ailments. Proceeded with every day utilize causes lack of sleep and loss of craving, bringing about ailing health. Smoking rocks likewise can bring about forceful and neurotic conduct . Regardless of crac k and cocaine's likenesses, they have three noteworthy contrasts. In the first place, albeit split and cocaine are gotten from the coca plant, they contrast in frame. The real compound impacts of split versus powder cocaine are not diverse . However, the chemical makeup of crack vs. powder cocaine does differ. Powder cocaine is the hydrochloride salt form , this is how is exists in nature. Powder cocaine is a white powdery substance that is abused by snorting and which can be dissolved in water . Crack is one the form bases of cocaine. Crack is essentially powder cocaine mixed with water and baking soda which is dried into a solid mass. This mass is cracked' into rocks that are smoked. Another difference is that the criminal punishment associated to their use and possession are very different. P ossessing 500 grams of powder cocaine carries the same penalty as possessing 28 grams of crack (Cocaine.org, 2014). Regularly, the cerebrum discharges dopamine in these circuits in light of potential prizes, similar to the possess an aroma similar to great nourishment. It then reuses once more into the phone that discharged it, stopping the flag between nerve cells. Cocaine keeps dopamine from reusing, making over the top sums develop between nerve cells. This surge of dopamine at last upsets typical cerebrum correspondence and causes cocaine's high. Another significant distinction is by which how they enter the body. Powder cocaine is usually snorted through the nose and absorbed through nasal mucosa membranes, and also can be injected (Cocaine.org, 2014). Crack is t he crystal that is heated to produce vapors that are inhaled into the lungs. This form of cocaine is called Crack, which refers to the crackling sound of the

Augustus and the Augustan Age of the Roman Empire

Augustus and the Augustan Age of the Roman Empire During the Viet Nam War, the U.S. witnessed how little it means for Congress to have the power to declare war when the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and the President, can order troops to engage in police actions. In recent decades weve watched military dictatorships the world over wreaking havoc on civilians in the name of the martial law. And in Imperial Rome, the praetorian guard installed Claudius as the first of the militarily-elected emperors. Having power over the militia means having the power to ignore the will of the people. This was as true with Augustus as it is today. To the extent that Augustus didnt abuse his powers, he was a good leader, but his consolidation of not only military power but also the tribunitian and proconsular in the hands of one man set the stage for the end of popular freedom. The Roman historian Tacitus, from the early imperial period (A.D. 56?-112?), enumerates the powers Augustus swallowed: [Augustus] seduced the army with bonuses, and his cheap food policy was successful bait for civilians. Indeed, he attracted everybodys good will by the enjoyable gift of peace. Then he gradually pushed ahead and absorbed the functions of the senate, the officials, and even the law. Opposition did not exist. War or judicial murder had disposed of all men of spirit. Upper-class survivors found that slavish obedience was the way to succeed, both politically and financially. They had profited from the revolution, and so now they liked the security of the existing arrangement better than the dangerous uncertainties of the old rà ©gime. Besides, the new order was popular in the provinces. (1. 2) From The Annals of Tacitus The peace Tacitus refers to is peace from civil war. The bait evolved into what the satirist Juvenal later describes as panem et circenses bread and circuses. The other actions led to the fall of Romes form of republican government and the rise of the single head of Rome, the princeps or emperor. Vice Like leaders today, Augustus sought to end vice. Definitions then were different, though. Three of the problems he faced were: extravagance, adultery, and declining birth rates among the upper classes. Previously, morality had been an individual or family matter. Augustus wanted it to be a matter for legislation, complete with tax incentives for those who married and had children. The Romans didnt want to change their behavior. There was resistance, but in A.D. 9, the law now referred to as lex Julia et Papia passed. Powers originally delegated the pater familias were now matters for the princeps Augustus. Where earlier a husband was justified in killing a man he found in bed with his wife, now it was a matter for the courts. Lest this seem humane and evidence of concern for the rights of individuals, the father of the woman caught in adultery was still allowed to kill the adulterers. [See Adulterium.] Augustan Age Sources The Oxford History of the Classical World, edited by Oswyn Murray, John Boardman, and Jasper GriffinA History of the Ancient World by Chester StarrBiography of Horace and selected Odes in translationLegal Status In The Roman WorldThe Ancient History Bulletin 8.3 (1994) 86-98 Leges sine moribus, by Susan Treggiari.Horatian Meters Augustus was impartial in his harsh judgments. When his daughter, Julia, his child by Scribonia, was caught in adultery, she suffered the same fate as any other daughter exile [See Dio 55.10.12-16; Suet. Aug. 65.1, Tib. 11.4; Tac. Ann. 1.53.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2-5.]. Literature Augustus was restrained in his personal use of power. He tried not to force people to do his will and left at least the appearance of choice: Augustus wanted an  epic poem  written about his life. While its true that he eventually got one, he didnt punish those in his literary circle who turned him down. Augustus and his colleague, the wealthy  Etruscan  Maecenas  (70 B.C.- A.D. 8), encouraged and supported members of the circle, including  Propertius,  Horace, and  Vergil. Propertius didnt need the financial input, but more than that, he wasnt interested in writing epic. His shallow apology to Augustus was on the order of I would if I could. Horace, son of a freedman, needed the patronage. Maecenas gave him a Sabine farm so he could work at leisure. At last, as unencumbered by poverty as he was now burdened by obligations, Horace wrote the and Epodes Book 4 to glorify the emperor. The  Carmen Saeculare  was a festival hymn composed to be performed at the  ludià ‚  saeculares  (secular games). Vergil, who likewise received remuneration, kept promising to write the epic. He died, however, before finishing  The Aeneid, which is considered an ambitious attempt to join the legendary history of Rome with the glorious and noble present embodied in Emperor  Augustus. [See Horace and Augustus, by Chester G. Starr.  The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jan. 1969), pp. 58-64.] Tibullus and  Ovid, two later writers in Augustus literary circle, were under the patronage of Messalla, rather than Maecenas. Independently wealthy, highly successful Ovid, who was considered the embodiment of Augustan poetry, mocked everything. He was irreverent towards the new morality, even going so far as to write what could be viewed as guidebooks to adultery.  Eventually, he went too far and was exiled by Augustus to Tomi where Ovid spent the rest of his life pleading for recall. [See  DIR Augustus.] A Hard Act To Follow Augustus, living under the shadow of his adoptive fathers assassination, was aware that the appearance of dictatorship could spell his doom. As he amassed power, Augustus took care to make it look constitutional, but all the while, power was accruing in the hands of one man rich, popular, smart, and long-lived.  He  was a hard act to follow and with the reduction of power in the Senate and people, the time was ripe for autocracy. The two passages quoted on the preceding page, the Asian Decree, which calls Augustus the bringer of overwhelming benefaction and Tacitus evaluation of him as a man who used bribes, judicial murder, and absorbed the functions of the senate, the officials, and even the law, could hardly be more different, yet they equally reflect near contemporary attitudes towards Augustus.

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example The powers are crafted to ensure that the president does not apply or enjoy government excesses, leading to a monarchical regime. In my understanding on how the federal or state governments operate, immigration reforms fall solely under the purview of the federal state. The federal government aims to provide protection for all the citizens under its care. As has been introduced above, a federal state works in tandem with the state government. There is a strong law that accords and insists that both institutions work together to seal the existing loopholes in the element of governance (Proudhon 16). This means that all laws, threats, challenges and governance issues that are experienced at state level get to be discussed at that level. This will then create room for the issues to be dissected, and approved by the partially governing states, and the central government. In conclusion, immigration issues remain sensitive and overly dramatic. This is a major reason why it is important for both state governments and the central government to agree if lenient or stiffer immigration policies should be

Non-probability Samples in Management Research Essay - 1

Non-probability Samples in Management Research - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that all individuals have equal chances of being considered for selection in probability sampling. The outcomes of probability sampling are more likely to give a fairly accurate representation or reflection of the entire population. It is imperative that researchers consider the availability, time, cost, and the subject to research about when choosing a sampling technique. Probability sampling has gained vast popularity among scholars in both fields of quantitative and qualitative study. Overall, researchers or project managers would employ non-probability in the survey while holding on to a basic assumption that the entire population has evenly distributed characteristics. In this case, non-probability samples would be relevant in generating accurate results, as well as inferences about the population under study. Even though non-probability samples are ineffective for generalizations of results about the entire population, they are highly b eneficial when the researcher faces workforce constraints, inadequate funding, accessibility problems, and limited time. A non-probability sample refers to a sample or sampling technique that is not based on the methods of random selection. On the contrary, probability samples are based on random selection techniques. All individuals or subjects in a probability sample have equal chances of being considered for selection during probability sampling. First, non-probability samples are valuable in circumstances where only the sample units that are conveniently and easily accessed. Secondly, non-probability samples enable the researcher to generate ideas and get constructive feedback. A typical case is when a project manager uses quota samples (females and males) to generate important ideas and obtain pertinent feedback. Thirdly, non-probability sampling is less costly and more convenient. The sample is widely applicable in situations where the researcher wants to generate ideas throug h sampling but lacks adequate funding to undertake a more comprehensive study of the entire population.

Imporatance of 3 Period Name Lesson Essay Example for Free

Imporatance of 3 Period Name Lesson Essay For the purpose of giving a clear perception of an idea in association with language, Montessori advised that the â€Å"three period lesson† of Seguin should be used. The periods are: 1st period: â€Å"The association of the sensory perception with the name†. Example: Give the child a large and a small cylinder and say â€Å"this is large† and â€Å"this is small. † 2nd period: â€Å"Recognition of the object corresponding to the name. † Example: Ask the child to indicate which is the large cylinder and which is the small cylinder. rd period: â€Å"the remembering of the name corresponding to the object. † Example: show the child the large cylinder and say â€Å"what is this? † then show him the small cylinder and say â€Å"what is this? † The 3 period name lesson is very useful because it is very simple and very clear for the child. Furthermore the teacher does not ask the child to actually name the object until she is sure he can recognize it. The importance of the three period lesson cant be underestimated. This tool can be used anywhere. In the classroom we use it to introduce letter sounds, number values and symbols, continent names, plants and animals, but it is not limited just to the classroom. It can also be used in the playground, in the kitchen, at music lessons, even at the super market. It can even be used to introduce object names in a second language. There is no limit to how this lesson can be used because, under the right circumstances, there is no limit to the amount of information a child between the ages of 3 and 6 is capable of absorbing. The real beauty of the three period lesson is that it allows Montessori teachers to meet each child exactly where they are. In other words, the technique allows the children as much time as they need to learn each new concept some children will absorb a concept quickly and only need the lesson once or twice while other children may want to be given the lesson many times until they are confident enough to move on.

Report on Winner-Take-All :: Winner-Take-All Elections Politics Essays

Report on Winner-Take-All "Winner-take-all† is a term used to describe single member district and at large election systems that award seats to the highest vote getters without ensuring fair representation for minority groups. In the United States, these are typically single-member district schemes or at-large, block-voting systems. Under winner-take-all rules, a slim majority of voters can control 100% of seats, leaving everyone else effectively without representation. There's something else troubling about the way we elect presidents--something beyond the personal attacks, the derelict voters and the influence of big money. It is the fact that so many of those who do vote don't have their votes counted. Florida is a good example of what I'm talking about--not because that state turned out to make the decisive difference in this week's election, but because more than 2 million voters--nearly as many as will go to the winning candidate--had no say in the outcome. All of Florida's 25 electoral votes will go to the other guy. That's the unavoidable consequence of the winner-take-all system that prevails in all the states. At the end, of course, any contest for a single office is a winner-take-all affair. But why should it be that way in the states? Why should more than a million-and-a-half California supporters of George W. Bush see all 54 of the state's electoral votes go to Al Gore? In short, what is wrong with apportioning each state's electoral votes in accordance with the way the state's electorate voted? A better question, no doubt, is why not ditch the electoral college system altogether and go to direct elections? Politicians as different as Franklin D. Roosevelt and Richard Nixon backed a constitutional amendment to have all the states go to a proportional system. Obviously, nothing came of the proposals. It's probably because the political party that would be favored in a winner-take-all state is usually the party that runs the state. The party with the power to change the system has no incentive for doing so. It is not the sole fact that votes get wasted that bothers me. There is much more to it. Bush hardly campaigned at all in New York--and for the same reason that Gore neglected Idaho, Wyoming and Alaska: His opponent had the states locked up, along with 100 percent of their electoral votes. Indeed, Bush was criticized by some GOP strategists for wasting time and resources campaigning in California.

James Spencer Essay

Introduction The conditions for the poor were terrible at the time when Charles dickens wrote the novel a Christmas carol to express his concern about the conditions for these people. At first Charles was going to show his concern by writing a serious pamphlet explaining the conditions people were living in but after much thought he decided a book would be better because he was a famous author. Charles believed this would help by alerting people of the lives the people were living so they would donate to charity at Christmas a time of giving. Paragraph 1 In stave one of the book we are introduced to Scrooge and Jacob Marley. In the first stave scrooge is described as and evil man and also you can tell this from the things he says â€Å"Every idiot who goes around with â€Å"Merry Christmas† on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding and buried with a stake of holy through his heart. † He replied to his nephew after he invited him to Christmas dinner this shows he dose not like Christmas and also he is very rude and is not afraid of sharing his point of view with others. Scrooge is rude to all the people who try to be nice to him in this first chapter from the men who asked for a donation for charity to his employee who asked for Christmas day off to whom he only just excepted say he needs to be in the earlier the next day. When scrooge goes home he sees the ghost of his ex-partner Jacob Marley who tells him he will have to mend his ways or he may end up with a similar fate. Paragraph 2 In stave two Scrooge is visited by the first of the three ghosts of Christmas the ghost of Christmas past. This chapter gives us a lot of important information on scrooge such as his time at school his work for Mr. Feziwig and his relationship that ended when he became obsessed with money â€Å"I have seen you nobler aspirations fall off one by one until the master-passion, gain, engrosses you†. Scrooge’s fianci e told him when she didn’t want to see him anymore because he had changed at the begging of this chapter he is show as a hard working boy in school that didn’t really have any friends but had a grate love for his sister. The chapter also tells us about the time he worked for Mr. Feziwig and how he used to have a good time and how he was bad employer because he didn’t treat his staff to a good time. Paragraph 3 In stave three Scrooge meets the second of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas present who shows him what over peoples Christmas are like this shows the appalling conditions the Cratchits lived in and how his nephew disrespects him and what he says about him â€Å"his offences carry their own punishment, and I have nothing to say against his†. Fred said after he called a toast to his uncle later on at the meal they all insult scrooge. In this chapter we learn of the great poverty of the Cratchits were they have to share glasses and of tiny Tim’s illness and how he will die if scrooge doesn’t help him. Paragraph 4 In stave for scrooge meets the last of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas future. In this chapter of the book scrooge finds out he has died and he realizes that no one liked him and that his money was not any use to him when he was dead â€Å"he frightened everyone away from him when he was alive to profit us when he was dead! Ha, ha ha! † The pawn broker say’s as we realizes all of scrooges possessions have been sold when they can no longer be any use to him as he is dead. In this chapter he realizes that being a bad person isn’t any good to him and that’s its better to be remembered as a good person than a bad one because that’s all you have when you die. Scrooge has now changed and wants to be a better person and we see what he dose in the last chapter Paragraph 5. In the last chapter in the book scrooge seems to be happier person he dose this by trying to be nice to other people and by doing good deeds he also apologizes to bob and says â€Å"a merrier Christmas, bob, my good fellow, than I have given for many a year! I’ll raise your salary; endeavor to assist your struggling family. † Scrooge said to bob on Christmas day he also gives the Cratchit’s a turkey anonymously and goes to dinner with his nephew and family this shows that scrooge has changed a lot and also want to be a better person. Conclusion I believe that by the end of the story scrooge is a better person and the only reason he became a bad person was because of his own ignorance to what was going on around him. Charles Dickens is try to tell his rich audience of readers that money isn’t every thing and you can have a good time without it but if you do have it you should be generous and try to help over people have a good time and by doing that you will have a good time your self.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Eight

â€Å"Ugh, I don't think there's a single thing on the hot-lunch bar I'd ever consider eating,† Elena said to Stefan. â€Å"Half the stuff I can't even identify.† Stefan watched patiently as she passed on to the salad bar. â€Å"This isn't much better,† she said, lifting a watery spoonful of cottage cheese and letting it slop back into the container for emphasis. â€Å"I thought the food at col ege would be more edible than in our high school cafeteria, but apparently I was wrong.† Stefan made a vague sound of agreement and looked around for a place for them to sit. He wasn't eating. Human food didn't have much taste for him now, and he'd used his Power to cal down a dove to his balcony that morning. That had provided enough blood to hold him until the evening, when he would need to hunt again. Once Elena final y made herself a salad, he led her to the empty table he'd spotted. She kissed him before she sat down and a shiver of delight ran through him as their minds touched. The familiar link between them slid into place, and he felt Elena's joy, her contentment at being with him and at their new, nearly normal, lives. Below this, a touch of excitement fizzed through her, and Stefan sent a questioning thought between them, wondering what had happened since they'd seen each other that morning. Elena broke the kiss and answered his unspoken question. â€Å"Professor Campbel , my history professor, knew my parents when they were in col ege,† she said. Her voice was calm, but her eyes were bright, and Stefan could sense how big this was for her. â€Å"He was a real y good friend of theirs. He can tel me stories about them, parts of their lives I never knew before.† â€Å"That's great,† Stefan said, pleased for her. â€Å"How was the class?† â€Å"It was al right,† Elena said, beginning to eat her salad. â€Å"We're talking about the colonial days for the first couple of weeks.† She looked up, her fork poised in midair. â€Å"How about you? What was your philosophy class like?† â€Å"Fine.† Stefan paused. Fine wasn't real y what he meant. It had been strange to be sitting in a col ege classroom again. He'd attended col ege a few times during his long history, seen the changing fads in education. At first, his classmates had been a select number of wealthy young men, and now there was a more diverse mix of boys and girls. But there was an essential sameness to al those experiences. The professor lecturing, the students either bored or eager. A certain shal owness of thought, a shy ducking away from exposing deeper feelings. Damon was right. Stefan didn't belong here; he was just playing a role, again. Kil ing some of his limitless time. But Elena – he looked at her, her shining blue eyes fixed on him – she did belong here. She deserved the chance at a normal life, and he knew she wouldn't have come to col ege without him. Could he say any of this to her? He didn't want to dim the excitement in those lapis lazuli eyes, but he had sworn to himself that he would always be honest with her, would treat her as an equal. He opened his mouth, hoping to explain some of what he felt. â€Å"Did you hear about Daniel Greenwater?† a girl asked nearby, her voice high with curiosity as she and her friends slid into the empty chairs on the other end of the table. Stefan closed his mouth and turned his head to listen. â€Å"Who's Daniel Greenwater?† someone else asked. â€Å"Look,† the first girl said, unfolding a newspaper she held. Glancing over, Stefan saw it was the campus paper. â€Å"He's a freshman, and he just vanished. He left the student center when it closed last night, and his roommate says he never came back to the room. It's real y creepy.† Stefan's eyes met Elena's across the table, and she raised an eyebrow thoughtful y. Could this be something they should look into? Another girl at the other end of the table shrugged. â€Å"He probably just got stressed out and went home. Or maybe his roommate kil ed him. You know you get automatic As if your roommate dies.† â€Å"That's a myth,† Stefan said absently, and the girls looked up at him in surprise. â€Å"Could I see the paper for a moment, please?† They passed it over, and Stefan studied the picture on the front. A high school yearbook photo smiled up at him, a skinny floppy-haired guy with a slight overbite and friendly eyes. A face he recognized. He had thought the name sounded familiar. â€Å"He lives in our dorm,† he said softly to Elena. â€Å"Remember him from orientation? He seemed happy to be here. I don't think he would have left, not of his own free wil .† Elena stared at him, her wide eyes apprehensive now. â€Å"Do you think something bad happened to him? There was something weird going on in the quad the first night we were here.† She swal owed. â€Å"They said a girl had gotten into some trouble, but the cops wouldn't real y tel us anything. Do you think it might be related to Daniel Greenwater's disappearance?† â€Å"I don't know,† Stefan said tightly, â€Å"but I'm worried. I don't like anything out of the ordinary.† He stood up. â€Å"Are you ready to go?† Elena nodded, although half her lunch was stil on her tray. Stefan handed the paper politely back to the girls and fol owed Elena outside. â€Å"Maybe we're paranoid because we're used to terrible things happening,† Elena said, once they were on the path heading back up the hil toward their dorm. â€Å"But people disappear al the time. Girls get harassed or attacked sometimes. It's unfortunate, but it doesn't mean there's a sinister plot behind it al .† Stefan paused, staring at a flyer stuck to a tree by the cafeteria. Missing Student, the caption said, with a picture of a girl beneath it. â€Å"Promise me you'l be careful, Elena,† he said. â€Å"Tel Meredith and Bonnie, too. And Matt. None of you should be wandering around campus by yourselves. Not at night, anyway.† Elena nodded, her face pale, staring at the picture on the flyer. Stefan felt a sharp pang of regret even through his anxiety. She had been so excited when they met for lunch, and now that enthusiasm had drained away. He wrapped his arm around her waist, wanting to hold her, to keep her safe. â€Å"Why don't we go out tonight?† he said. â€Å"I've got a study group to go to, but it shouldn't last too long. We could go off campus for dinner. Maybe you could stay over tonight? I'd feel better if I knew you were safe.† Elena looked at him, her eyes suddenly sparkling with laughter. â€Å"Oh, as long as that's the only reason you'd want me in your room,† she said, smiling. â€Å"I'd hate to think you had designs on my virtue.† Stefan thought of Elena's creamy skin and silky golden hair, of her warmth, the rich wine of her blood. The idea of her in his arms again, without her aunt Judith or his landlady, Mrs. Flowers, down the hal , was intoxicating. â€Å"Of course not,† he murmured, bowing his head toward hers. â€Å"I have no designs. I live only to serve you.† He kissed Elena again, sending al his love and longing to her. Above their heads, Stefan heard a strident cawing and the flapping of wings, and, his lips stil against Elena's, he frowned. Elena seemed to sense his sudden tension and pul ed away from him, fol owing his gaze toward the black crow wheeling above them. Damon. Watching them, watching Elena, as always. â€Å"Excel ence.† Ethan's voice rang out across the outdoor basketbal court where the pledges were gathered. Dawn was breaking, and there was no one around except for Ethan and the sleepy-faced pledges. â€Å"As you know from our first meeting, each of you here exemplifies the peak of one or more types of achievement. But that's not enough.† He paused, looking from face to face. â€Å"It's not enough for each of you to have a piece of the best. You can encompass al these attributes in yourself. Over the course of the pledge period, you wil discover worlds inside yourselves that you've never imagined.† Matt shuffled his sneakers against the asphalt and tried to keep the skeptical expression off his face. Expecting him to achieve the heights of academic or artistic success, he knew, was a long shot. He wasn't particularly modest, but he was realistic, and he could list his best qualities: athlete, good friend, honorable guy. He wasn't stupid, either, but if excel ing in intel ect and creativity were prerequisites for being part of the Vitale Society, he might as Wellgive up now. Rubbing the back of his neck, he glanced around at his fel ow pledges. It was reassuring to see that most of them were wearing expressions of barely restrained panic: apparently â€Å"encompassing al these attributes† wasn't something they'd reckoned on either. Chloe, the cute round-faced girl he'd noticed at the first gathering, caught his eye and winked, just a quick brush of her lashes, and he smiled back, feeling oddly happy. â€Å"Today,† Ethan announced, â€Å"we wil work on athleticism.† Matt sighed with relief. Athleticism he could do. Al around him, he saw faces fal . The intel ectuals, the leaders, the budding creative geniuses – they weren't looking forward to testing their athletic prowess. A low rebel ious murmur sWelled among them. â€Å"Don't sulk,† said Ethan, laughing. â€Å"I promise you, by the time you become ful members of the society, each of you wil have reached your peak of physical perfection. For the first time, you wil feel what it is to be truly alive.† His eyes glittered with possibility. Ethan went on to outline the pledges' task. They were about to embark on a fifteen-mile run, with several obstacles along the way. â€Å"Be prepared to get dirty,† he said cheerful y. â€Å"But it wil be wonderful. When you finish, you'l have achieved something new. You are welcome to assist one another. But be aware: if you do not complete the run in three hours, you wil not be invited to continue to the next step in the pledging process.† He smiled. â€Å"Only the best can become members of the Vitale Society.† Matt looked around and saw that the pledges, even those who looked like they had never left the science lab or the library, were retying their sneakers and stretching, wearing determined expressions. â€Å"Holy cow,† a voice beside him said. It was a nice voice, with a real twang to it, a voice that came from somewhere deeper in the South than Virginia, and Matt was smiling even before he looked around and saw that it was Chloe. â€Å"I figure you're about the only person here who isn't going to have a lot of trouble with this,† she said. She was so cute. Little dimples showed in her cheeks when she smiled, and her short dark hair fel in curls behind her ears. â€Å"Hey, I'm Matt,† Matt said, grinning back at her. â€Å"I knew that,† she said cheerful y. â€Å"You're our footbal star.† â€Å"And you're Chloe, the amazing artist,† he said. â€Å"Oh.† She blushed. â€Å"I don't know about that.† â€Å"I'd love to see your work sometime,† he told her, and her smile widened. â€Å"Any tips for today?† she asked. â€Å"I never run unless I'm about to miss the bus, and I think I'm about to regret that.† Her face was so appealing that Matt momentarily felt like hugging her. Instead, he frowned thoughtful y up at the sky. â€Å"Under these kinds of conditions,† he said, â€Å"the best thing to do is incline your arms at a fifty-degree angle to the ground and run with a light bounding step.† Chloe stared at him for a minute and then giggled. â€Å"You're teasing me,† she said. â€Å"That's not fair. I have no idea about this stuff.† â€Å"I'l help you,† Matt said, feeling good. â€Å"We can do it together.†

Art Institute of Chicago essays

Art Institute of Chicago essays 1. For this assignment I choose to visit the Art Institute of Chicago. I choose to journey down town to see the so much talked about Vincent Van Gogh exhibit. As a waited in line I meet a student of Colombia College he told me that you do not have to pay to get in donations are welcome. I was confused and unsure what he meant. He explained to me that College students could offer a donation of one dollar or fifty cents as admission to the museum. So from the start my experience was very positive. Many people were discussing the exhibit. Everyone seemed to be very impressed. The lines for the entry were so long due to the tight security because of American on alert. It was good to see since the museum has so many valuable and irreplaceable. I can recall visiting Elmhurst Art Museum. My mom was most impressed with Kathryn Schneiders collection titled Places of Grace. The photo that I was drawn to was titled Peace Like a River. This photo captured nature at its most peaceful state. A gentle reflection of the surrounding trees lay calmly upon the river expressing a perfect mirror reflection. My mom has a calendar that she purchased there. The calendar states. Kathryns artwork is an expression of her prospective on the world. Kathryn explains, It is my desire to pass along to others through the otherworldliness of the infrared medium a sense of mystery and deep yearning for the ineffable, for the holy, and beyond. Infrared film captures a segment of the invisible spectrum of light waves. The camera is seeing something we cannot see. The end result is an image that resembles physical existence, as we perceive it yet is different enough that we can feel it suggesting a deeper reality. This is the only thing that I can recall that was cool from my child hood as a museum experience. 2. The photography on display in the gallery was The Idea of Lewis Sul ...

Animal Farm Summary

Animal Farm Summary George Orwells Animal Farm is an allegorical novel about a group of farm animals who take over their farm in 1940s England. Through the story of the animals revolution and its aftermath, Orwell assesses the failures of the communist revolution in Russia. Chapters 1-2 The novel opens at Manor Farm, where Mr. Jones, the cruel and incompetent farmer, is drunkenly going to sleep. As soon as the lights in the farmhouse go out, the animals gather. Old Major, an elderly boar whos lived on the farm for a long time, has called a meeting. At the meeting, Old Major describes a dream he had the previous night, in which the animals lived together without humans. He then launches into an impassioned speech. In the speech, he argues that humans are the enemies of all animals, and he urges the animals of the farm to organize and rebel against the humans. Old Major teaches the animals- who have varying degrees of intelligence- a song called Beasts of England in order to instill a sense of revolutionary fervor in them. Old Major passes away three days later. Three pigs named Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer use this sad event to rally the animals. When the animals, who are starving, break into the store shed, Mr. Jones attempts to whip them. The animals revolt and drive Mr. Jones, his family, and his employees off the farm in terror. Napoleon and Snowball quickly organize the animals and remind them of Old Major’s teachings. They give the farm a new name- Animal Farm- and hold a meeting to vote on rules. Seven fundamental principles are adopted: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.No animal shall wear clothes.No animal shall sleep in a bed.No animal shall drink alcohol.No animal shall kill any other animal.All animals are equal. Snowball and Napoleon order that these principles of Animalism be painted on the side of the barn in large white letters. The cart-horse, Boxer, is particularly excited and declares that his personal motto will be â€Å"I Will Work Harder.† Napoleon does not join the animals in the harvest, and when they return, the milk has disappeared. Chapters 3-4 Snowball undertakes a project to teach all the animals on the farm how to read and write. Napoleon takes charge of a litter of young puppies in order to teach them the principles of Animalism. He takes the puppies away; the other animals never see them. The animals work together and know the business of the farm very well. For a time, the farm is peaceful and happy. Every Sunday, Snowball and Napoleon gather the animals for a meeting in which they debate what to do next and vote. The pigs are the smartest of the animals, and so they assume leadership and create the agenda every week. Snowball has many ideas for improving the farm and the lives of the animals, but Napoleon is against almost all of his ideas. When the animals complain that they cannot remember so many of Animalism’s commandments, Snowball tells them that all they have to remember is â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad.† Neighboring farmers are afraid that a similar overthrow could take place on their own farms. They band together with Mr. Jones to attack the farm with a gun. Snowball thinks quickly and organizes the animals into an ambush; they surprise the men and chase them off. The animals celebrate the â€Å"Battle of the Cowshed† and confiscate the gun. They decide to fire the gun once a year to commemorate the battle, and Snowball is hailed as a hero. Chapters 5-6 At the next Sunday meeting, Snowball suggests building a windmill, which will provide electricity as well as grind grain. He makes a passionate speech arguing that the windmill will make their lives easier. Napoleon gives a short speech opposing the matter, but he can tell he has lost the argument. Napoleon makes a sound, and suddenly the dogs he took away for education- now fully grown- burst into the barn, snarling and biting. They chase Snowball away. Napoleon tells the other animals that Snowball was their enemy and had been working with Mr. Jones. He announces that the meetings are no longer necessary, and that Napoleon, Squealer, and the other pigs will run the farm for the benefit of everyone. Napoleon decides to build the windmill after all. Work commences on the windmill- Boxer works especially hard at it, excited at the easier life they will have when it is done. The animals notice that Napoleon and the other pigs begin to act more like men: standing on their hind legs, drinking whiskey, and living inside. Whenever someone points out that this behavior violates the principles of Animalism, Squealer explains why they are wrong. Napoleons leadership becomes increasingly totalitarian. When a storm causes the windmill to collapse, Napoleon deflects blame by telling everyone that Snowball sabotaged it. He corrects the animals about their memory of the Battle of the Cowshed, insisting he was the hero they all remember, and that Snowball was in league with Mr. Jones. He accuses various animals of being in league with Snowball; his dogs attack and kill each one he accuses. Boxer accepts Napoleons rule, repeating â€Å"Napoleon is always right† as a mantra as he works harder and harder. Chapters 7-8 The windmill is rebuilt, but another farmer, Mr. Frederick, gets into a disagreement over a business deal with Napoleon and uses explosives to destroy the new windmill. Another battle ensues between the animals and the men. The men are once again driven away, but Boxer is severely injured. The animals discover Squealer with a can of white paint; they suspect the Animalism principles painted on the barn have been altered. Chapters 9-10 Boxer continues to work, driving himself to do even more despite his injuries. He grows weaker, and eventually collapses. Napoleon tells the animals he will send for a veterinary hospital to come get Boxer, but when the truck arrives, the animals read the words on the truck and realize Boxer is being sent to the ‛knacker’ to be made into glue. Napoleon has sold Boxer for whiskey money. Napoleon and Squealer deny this and claim that the truck had recently been purchased by the hospital and hadn’t been repainted. Later, Napoleon tells the animals that Boxer passed away under a doctor’s care. Time passes. The windmill is rebuilt again and generates a lot of income for the farm, but the lives of the animals get worse. No longer is there talk of heated stalls and electric lights for all. Instead, Napoleon tells the animals that the simpler their lives are, the happier they’ll be. Most of the animals who knew the farm before the revolution are gone. One by one, the principles of Animalism have been erased on the side of the barn, until only one remains: â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† The simplified motto has been changed to â€Å"Four legs good, two legs better.† The pigs have become almost indistinguishable from the men: they live inside, wear clothes, and sleep in beds. Napoleon invites a neighboring farmer to dinner to discuss an alliance, and changes the name of the farm back to Manor Farm. Some of the animals peer into the farmhouse through the windows and cannot tell which are the pigs and which are the men.

The issues of the women's status in society in The Breadgivers by Essay

The issues of the women's status in society in The Breadgivers by Anzia Yerzierska - Essay Example As the mother, she gives protection to the divine reproductive force, male or female! In most of the societies, the ground reality is, a female child is victimized at every step of life, from the moment of birth, notwithstanding the fact that it is she who sacrifices at those interventions. This is the general backgrounder information about the life of the female, in societies all over the world. But in this modern materialistic era, the woman finds herself in complex situations. Alice Kessler-Harris, in her foreword to the book, â€Å"The Breadgivers,† points out, â€Å"Her woman’s voice found a universal audience in a generation that sought to locate its own identities more firmly and mined memoir and biography for the larger meaning of a materially laden world.†(xii) The problem is further aggravated for an ambitious woman. Harris continues, â€Å"†¦as the young woman yearning to find a place in the world; as the aspiring intellectual trying to figure ou t what to give back; as the isolated adult searching for community.†(xvii) To get uprooted from one country under forced and tragic circumstances and to establish from the scratch in a new country to find an identity is a tough asking. The â€Å"Breadgivers† by Anzia Yerzierska (1889-1970), a Polish Jewish immigrant, is the story about one such individual. Through her trials, tribulations, duty and beauty of life she tries to find out assiduously its real meaning. She confronts the normal challenges in the life of a woman and succeeds in finding the answer for the special challenges too. The important themes dealt with in the book are-- the perils of dependence, the pressure of family obligations and individual independence, and the evergreen theme of human life—the elusive happiness. These themes need to be understood from the perspectives of life of women of the era to which the author belonged. 2. Poverty is a curse and abject poverty on the verge of starvatio n is a double-tragedy for any family. The Smolinksy family is placed in the latter category. The daughters Bessie, Mashah and Fania are unemployed and Mashah is addicted to beauty-aids. Their father, Reb Smolinsky is engrossed in reading holy books and doesn’t work but faithfully does the work of a Jewish father—managing his daughter’s wages. Mrs. Smolinsky, with the onerous responsibility of managing the family, expresses her displeasure over the state of affairs. The situation improves as Sara begins to sell herring and other sisters find jobs. Mrs. Smolinsky rents out the second room of the apartment which helps to further consolidate the family budget. The cupid’s arrow strikes Bessie. The youth of her choice is Berel Berensterin. On invitation, he arrives for dinner one night. When the issue comes to the notice of Reb Smolinsky, he exercises his right on the wages of Bessie. In addition, he demands that Bessie must own the entire wedding expenses and finance him to set up business. Earlier Berel has indicated that he will marry without accepting any dowry. Berel is enraged at the unreasonable demand and counsels her to defy her father and marry him. She doesn’t dare and Berel is engaged to another girl, crushing Bessie’s spirit. The love entanglements of his two other daughters Marshah and Fania are also broken due to the obstinacy of Reb Smolkinsky and his rigid stand on issues. He arranges the marriages of all his three daughters that end up in failure and frustration for them. Sara watches all these

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Art history - Essay Example Audrey Flack’s paintings are quite controversial, and she represents the many female artists out there that are taking feminism to the next level by using art to convey messages of female supremacy to the society (Brooklyn Museum, 2014). The work is that of photo realism, and she has combined different images in her work to convey the feminist message. Her work consists of a blooming rose. This rose is used to represent female genitalia, a bold move on the artists part yet very creative. Blooming roses have been occasionally used by photo artists to represent female genital organs. She would avoid having to place the real picture so as to avoid a lot of controversies, and yet placing this hidden meaning adds value to the work. The blooming rose is definitely a show of female supremacy. The organ is key in giving life to all humans hence its importance cannot be left out. The artist has also placed a ring in her work. The ring possibly represents her relationship possibly with her husband. It is amusing that the ring is also present in yet another of Audrey Flacks paintings â€Å"Jolie Madame†. The ring possibly shows the power women have over men in relationships. Although largely denied, women possibly play the largest parts in relationships from performing household chores. All of these that must be balanced for the relationship to work out. This possibly shows the dominance of women over men not only in relationships but in marriage too. An apple is also placed in the artwork. This reminds anyone viewing the work of the biblical apple that caused man to be sent from the garden of Aden as very well narrated in the story of creation. The apple represents the burgeoning female sexuality considering that through the apple Eve was able to cause her husband Adam to sin despite stern warning from their creator not to eat the apple.An orange in the

Benefits and drawbacks of the electronic health record Research Paper

Benefits and drawbacks of the electronic health record - Research Paper Example The past decade has witnessed technological advancement in virtually every industry. Compared to a decade ago, many people in developed economies can now purchase goods online, buy air tickets and earn degrees online. Health records have for a long time depended on the traditional system of record keeping that is tedious and prone to errors. Electronic health Record (EHR) system plays a vital role in transforming the healthcare system mainly from a paper based system to a comprehensive computerized system through the use of clinical information to deliver high quality care to the patients. Various countries have come up with laws that manage require the healthcare facilities to adopt EHR and utilize it in a â€Å"meaningful way† with respect to cost containment and errors reduction. This is expected to transform the healthcare institutions for the benefits of both patients and administrators. However, there are various concerns over the use of EHR and questions are asked whether it really meets the intended benefits that are to improve care with acceptable level of errors. This study focuses on the review of literature on the impacts of EHR. As stated by Dentler et al (2014), EHR impacts are either beneficial or drawbacks, thus this study embarks on the merits and demerits of implementing an EHR by a healthcare facility as identified by experts in various studies. Electronic Health Register (EHR) refers to the longitudinal electronic record of patients’ information with respect to health that has been generated through one or more encounters with the patient. EHR contains the patients’ information related to progress, demographics, past medical history, vital signs, radiology reports, laboratory data, problems and medications (Page et al, 2011). According to Menachemi & Collum (2011), three attributes defines a â€Å"meaningful use† of EHR: Computerized Physician order entry (CPOE) systems, Clinical Decision Support (CDS) and

Climate Changes Implications To Pacific Islands

Climate Changes Implications To Pacific Islands Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, it identifies small island states as being the most vulnerable countries of the world to the adverse impacts of climate change. The Pacific islands in fact without doubt one of worlds most vulnerable regions when it comes to the risks of disaster due to climate change, especially to the several of the low-laying coral islands. Climate change is already affecting Pacific islands with dramatic revenue loss across sectors such as agriculture, water resources, forestry, tourism and other industry-related sectors. The Pacific islands are subjected to the impacts of climate change caused by excessive fossil burning, deforestation and atmospheric pollution. The Pacific islands see climate change is the major disaster and have openly and continually blame the industrialized nations for failure to take definitive steps towards deteriorating pollution of the global atmosphere. Climate change poses an existe ntial threat to the Pacific islands and may further aggravate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. This paper examines the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands states. KEYWORDS: Climate change, Pacific islands, Small Island states, Pollution Introduction Pacific islands consist of small islands like Kiribati, Tuvalu, Fiji, Cook Islands, Marshal Islands, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. Pacific islands are one of the region are being affected by climate change. Due to their geographical size, the impacts of climate change seem faster that other regions. What is climate change? According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that changes the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. As the United Nations Secretary General has said, it is the major, overriding environmental issue of our time, and the single greatest challenge facing environmental regulators. It is a growing crisis with economic, health and safety, food production, security, and other dimensions. Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, it identifies small island states as being the most vulnerable countries of the world to the unpleasant impacts of climate change. The Pacific islands in fact without doubt one of worlds most vulnerable regions when it comes to the risks of disaster due to climate change, especially to the several of the low-laying coral islands like Kiribati and Tuvalu. Climate change is already affecting Pacific islands with dramatic revenue loss across sectors such as forestry, tourism, water resources, agriculture, and other related sectors. The 41st meeting of the Pacific islands Forum, which took place in Port Vila, Vanuatu, from 4th to 5th of August 2010, concluded with the issuance of a Communiquà ©, which contains a section on climate change. According to the Communiquà ©, climate change remains the greatest threat to the livelihoods, security and well-being of the peoples of the Pacific islands. The Pacific islands leaders stress the need for a meaningful legally-binding agreement on emissions reduction to be reached urgently and without delay. This paper will focus on the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands. The first part of this paper will provide a brief summary on climate change and the Pacific islands and issues arise from climate change; second, we will examine the implications of climate change: threat to human security such as food, natural resources and ecosystem, and health; migration; and political instability. The impacts of climate change are quite varied. If we look at the physical impacts that climate change is having, we will see the issues arise from climate change are sea level rises and temperature increases. According to Espen Ronneberg, changes in atmospheric and ocean temperatures will be having impacts on Pacific islands through a mixture of physical interactions and one of them is changes in precipitation patterns. Hence, climate change creates an existential threat to the Pacific islands and may further exacerbate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. Climate change is increasing the harshness and frequency of disasters, which are causing displacement, livelihood insecurity and increasing political instability. This research paper is attempted to discover the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands even though there are a few consensus regarding the climate change have been made for example during the 108th Congr ess (2003-2004), nearly 100 bills, resolutions, and amendments specifically addressing climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were introduced. The bills, resolutions, and amendments focused primarily on climate change research and comprehensive emissions cap and trade programs. Additional bills concentrated on GHG reporting and power plant emissions of CO2. Physical Evidences of Climatic Change The Pacific islands are subjected to the impacts of climate change caused by human influences such as excessive fossil burning, deforestation and atmospheric pollution; and due to natural reasons for instance the movement of tectonic plates, orbital variations, volcanism and ocean variability. The Pacific islands see climate change as the major disaster and have openly and continually blame the industrialized nations like United States for failure to take definitive steps towards deteriorating pollution of the global atmosphere. Besides that, the increasing of population growth, tourism and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources negatively impacts the ecosystem. The growth of population is expected to further exacerbate land and resource scarcity and make the situation more badly. Climate change poses an existential threat to the Pacific islands and may further exacerbate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. Below are the two major issues that arise due to climate c hange. Sea Level Rising The issues arise due to climate change are sea-levels rising, extreme weather events and disasters and livelihood degradation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) agrees the primary issue arise due to climate change is rising of the sea level. Relatively small rises in sea level would make some densely settled coastal plains uninhabitable and create a significant problem. Moreover, any increase in sea level will accelerate the coastal erosion and cause the low-lying island states like what happen in Tuvalu and Kiribati. It is estimated that, the sea-levels are likely to rise for the next centuries to come. Presently, the IPCC predicts sea level rise is most probable to be just short of half a meter, and at least between 9 and 88 cm through 2100, but they also warn that climate change during that time may lead to irreversible changes in the earths glacial system and ultimately melt enough ice to raise sea level many meters over the next decade. Tuvalu is the best example to explain issue of rise of sea level. In early 2000, there were a series of media reporting over sea level rise issues using Tuvalu as an example. The daily life of Tuvalu revolves around the ocean and the immediate threat on the Tuvaluan, economy, environment and its islands is of concern to the Tuvalu government. Tuvalu government has concluded that Tuvalu was destined to become the first nation to be sunk by climate change because it is one of the smallest and lowest-lying countries in the world. Erosion due to sea level rise is not the only issue in Tuvalu. Inundation will increase further inland together with salt water intrusion to destroy underground the freshwater sources. According to McCracken of the United States Global Change Research of Climate change, a 1 cm rise in sea level can consume 1 m or more of beach width towards the sea. Below figure shows the sea level trends for Tuvalu since 1995. Figure 1: The sea level trends Source: Than Aung, Awnesh Singh and Uma Prasad. Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu. (2009) The issue of the rising of sea level is not a new issue to Tuvalu. The actual danger to Tuvalu is the rate of the sea level rise. Figure 1 shows the sea level trends with time, it is quite clear that trends for Tuvalu are more or less horizontal since 1999. It clearly indicates that the sea level rise rate is not accelerating but however, as mention earlier a 1 cm rise in sea level can consume 1 m or more of beach width towards the sea; it shows how dangerous the rising of sea level may affect small islands like Tuvalu. Extreme Weather Events and Disasters The Pacific islands states are more exposed to extreme weather events and climate variability than most countries. The increase in temperature and sea level rise is expected to trigger an increase in natural disasters. The region will experience increasing frequency and severity of extreme events such as heat waves, exceptional rainfall events, droughts, tropical cyclones, storm surges, EI-Nino conditions, and severe diseases. Floods and droughts are particularly devastating for small islands. Many islands rely on regular rainfall to recharge limited groundwater resources. When there is too little rain, or too much at one time, these reservoirs are taxed, threatening food and water security. Flooding and droughts will render whole islands, particularly low-lying atolls, uninhabitable, leading to their abandonment, migration and conflicts over resources, thus endangering security on the islands. This extreme weather has gave impacts to economy such as it led to the decline of tourists to Pacific islands, a good example was the case of Niue, in 2004 Cyclone Heta had destroyed a large part of the island. The summary of the impacts of extreme weather and events as per shown in the below table. Table 1: Impacts of Extreme Weather Events and Disasters Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change Implications of the Climate change to Pacific Islands Threat to Human Security Climate change may result a threat to human security. It may become more difficult for human to satisfy their basic needs. As far as everybody concerned, the needs of immediate action to find solutions for people whose homes, lands and livelihood, are being destroyed by rising of the sea levels and the extreme weather disasters. Ajay Chhibber, United Nations Assistant Secretary-General once said, We recognize climate change to be a critical development challenge with enormous implications for the entire range of development concerns: poverty, livelihoods, food security, conflict and social cohesion, to name a few. He added, At a time of global economic crisis, climate change has the potential to reverse hard-won development gains in the region, which could compromise our collective ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and plans for a prosperous, peaceful and secure region. Sea level rise will increase salt water intrusion, thus degrading fresh water resources. The impacts of climate change on freshwater systems are mainly due to the observed and projected increases in temperature, sea level and rainfall variability. An increase in the ratio of winter to annual flows, and possibly the reduction in low flows caused by decreased glacier extent or snow water storage, is predicted. Sea-level rise will extend areas of salinisation of groundwater and estuaries, resulting in a decrease in freshwater availability for humans and ecosystems in coastal areas. Increased rainfall intensity and variability is projected to increase the risks of flooding and droughts in many areas of the world especially to small island states. This will diminish economic sectors such as agricultural production unless new resistant crops are introduced to offset these impacts. The Pacific islands states have traditionally depended upon food production for survival and economic development. In addition, the issue of sea level rise is not the only cause a threat to human security in terms of food security, but the extreme weather also brings negative impact to food security in the Pacific islands. The extreme weather that cause drought also cause many problems particularly in agriculture all over the region. Increased risk of flooding in river catchments also threatens food production. Heavy flooding of the Wainibuka and Rewa rivers in Fiji in April 2004, for example, damaged between 50% and 70% of crops. A few studies have focused on the impacts of climate change on agriculture sector in Fiji. For example changes in temperature and rainfall have influence agricultural production. Sugarcane production is expected to drop by 9% from current conditions with losses averaging US$13.7million a year by 2050. Impacts on traditional crops with 11-15% drop in taro, y am and cassava production with a loss of US$680,000 a year in lost food crops. In terms of the economic costs of climate change impacts, the island of Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, could suffer economic damage averaging at least US$23 -US$52 million a year by 2050 (i.e. equivalent to 2-4% of Fijis GDP). Another best example of the impact of climate change to the lost of agricultural production or food production was Cyclone Ami, for example, caused over US$35 million in lost crops in Fiji in 2003. Furthermore, climate change exposures are likely to affect the health status of millions of people, particularly those with low adaptive capacity, through: increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development; increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; the increased burden of diarrhoeal disease; and the increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone related to climate change. Moreover, climate change may cause the spread of disease such as malaria and dengue fever. For instance, warming in Papua New Guinea is likely to cause a contraction of the cooler malaria free zone in the highlands. Studies show positive associations between temperature increases and diarrhoea, and between warmer sea-surface temperatures and ciguatera outbreaks. Since the health services in most Pacific islands states already ill equipped and struggling to cope with existing health problems, it is unlikely there will be capacity to effectively respond to the increased health burden caused by climate change. Furthermore, climate change was likely to increase the rates of diarrhoeal disease in Fiji and Kiribati due to decreases in rainfall and increases in temperature. No evidence was presented to show relationship between flooding or heavy rainfall and cases of diarrhoea. yet, the 1997/98 drought (associated with El-Nino) had widespread impact, including malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency in children and infants. In addition, we may see the implications or impacts of the climate change to the Pacific islands states in case of Vanuatu. According to Edward Natapei, the Prime Minister of Vanuatu, more than 80%, of the population of Vanuatu depend on the land for their subsistence farming and contributions to the national economy. Their traditional farming practices have been shaped by their subsistence needs and climatic conditions. Land has always been culturally precious to the Ni-Vanuatu mainly because rights to its ownership and use form a central part of their culture and traditional governance. Increasingly considerable pressure is being placed on access to land by the rapidly growing population. Above has discussed, the three fundamental pillars of human security are natural resources and ecosystems, food, and health. According to United Nations University writer Christian Webersik (2010) identifies climate change as a variable that can drastically undermine each of these pillars, with stark consequences. A poor response to natural hazards and may create anti-government grievances in societies with weak governance structures and stricken by political violence and poverty. Migration The impact of sea level rise from climate change could be catastrophic for the Pacific islands states. The increasing of population growth, shrinking of land mass and declining of income opportunities may result to migration from outer to central islands or to other countries. The unpleasant impacts of climate change increase the rate of domestic migration and relocation, with people from rural areas and remote islands moving to urban centres. The number is growing as people in rural areas are losing their livelihoods and land because of natural disasters and sea level rise. The International Federation of the Red Cross in the World Disasters Report 2001 estimated that more people are now forced to leave their homes because of environmental disasters than war. According to Jonathan Adams in his article written for the New York Times (2007), some experts warn that, ultimately, these issues will combine to power a wave of emigrants fleeing the Pacific islands. Indeed, there are already signs of flight: according to a study by the Australian government, applications for New Zealand residency from eligible Pacific island nations shot up sharply in 2005 and 2006, compared with 2003. Afifi and Warner (2008) find a statistically significant link between environmental degradation and outward migration. Due to the extreme weather events and disasters such as hurricanes, droughts, heat waves, and sea level rise in the source country are found to have a significant and positive link with migration flows. For example, flooding in the source country is found to increase migration, but this relationship is not statistically significant. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change report noted that climate change is likely to very likely to cause higher maximum temperatures, more intense rainfall events, increased risk of drought, increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities, and an increasing number of floods in some areas. Tuvalu is the best example to explain the impacts of climate change in the case of migration. Economic factors associated with environmental factors, forcing people from Tuvalu to migrate to new place, this will result in a brain drain. Tuvalu already has an ad hoc agreement with New Zealand to allow phased relocation and many residents have been leaving the islands. The New Zealand government already takes in a quota of Tuvaluans every year, many of whom have found jobs in the strawberry fields and packing plants around Auckland. It has assured Tuvalu that it will absorb the entire population if the worst comes to pass. That is a lifeline that many similarly threatened island nations including Kiribati, Vanuatu, the Marshall Islands, the Cook Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands. There was a debate on the issue of climate change, Climate change Threatens International Peace, Pacific islands Tell UN Debate, on 26 September 2008. The Pacific Island states voice out at the General Assembly on the issue of climate change, promising to table a draft resolution during the climate session that will call on the United Nations to scrutinize the threat posed by climate change to international peace and security. Prime Minister Feleti Vakauta Sevele of Tonga, addressed to the Assemblys annual General Debate to urge other Member States outside the region to show their support for the draft resolution. The prospect of climate refugees from some of the Pacific Island Forum countries is no longer a prospect but a reality, with relocations of communities due to sea level rise already taking place, he said. The resolution is expected to ask United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to commission a report on climate change and security, and to invite the Security Council an d the General Assembly to work together on possible recommendations to deal with any problems identified. In addition, Prime Minister of Samoa, Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi, urged countries to convert the commitments they made about greenhouse gas reduction into reality. Only through selfless and concerted efforts by all countries led by the major greenhouse gas emitters can we have a fighting chance of lessening the destructive impact of climate change, he said, adding that it also enhances the chances of a credible agreement beyond the current Kyoto Protocol. Derek Sikua, Solomon Islands Prime Minister said he feared that the magnitude of climate change has already outgrown the existing capacity of the UN system to respond. Many smaller countries were being left to find their own solution for themselves against the impact of climate change, as regional groups and other organizations charted their own course. The Prime Minister called for the UNs Small Islands Developing States Unit to be strengthened so that it can help countries, such as those in the Pacific Ocean facing rising sea levels, with special needs. There are a lot of actions was taken by many institution bodies to overcome this problem, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change has changed its initial position on the likely patterns of migration in response to increased disasters and negative effects of climate change. The second change is recognition that physical vulnerability to climate change constitutes only one factor in a persons overall vulnerability to environmental hazards. Political Instability The nations of the Pacific are, in general, developing island states that are geographically distributed and economically varied. The level of development of the Forums island member countries varies considerably across the region as does the quality of governance. Access to resources is often difficult due to the geographic distances and resources are often scarce and in demand. Climate change is increasing the unpredictability of weather patterns, such as increasing the incidence and intensity of cyclones. Political stability is volatile in many of the regions nations especially to Pacific islands region. Across the region, the population demographics are changing with the average age reducing; while education and access to it is improving opportunities for youth are still limited compared to the more developed nations of the world. If a country becomes unstable and no longer capable to respond to other challenges, it will diminish the capacity of the country to peacefully interfere domestic and international conflicts. The multiple stresses may give rise of to several conflicts constellations, where the interactions of climate change with other factors increase the risk of violent conflicts. Disputes over land as a result of inequalities and frictions between traditional and introduced of land management system as well as intra-state migration may become aggravated. Many conflicts were related to land issues. However, the scale and intensity of conflicts and the level of instability vary across the regions. The adverse impacts of climate change alter the distribution and quality of natural resources such as fresh water, arable land, coastal territory, and marine resources. These changes can increase competition for scarce resources, with the increased possibility of armed conflict. Existing tensions within the Pacific islands states will similarly be heightened especially in already unstable areas and can endanger national security as well as be a threat to international peace and security. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (2001), owing to factors of limited size, availability, and geology and topography, water resources in small islands are extremely vulnerable to changes and variations in climate. Moreover, a reduction in the size of the island, resulting from land loss accompanying sea level rise, is likely to reduce the thickness of the freshwater lens on atolls by as much as 29%. Increases in demand related to population and economic growth, in particular tourism continue to place serious stress on existing water resources. Shifting boundaries of existing land are particularly problematic for communities with collectively owned lands. The blurring of boundaries can intensify the disputes between communities over land ownership and usage, as communities may fight to re-claim their share of natural resources. This could lead to conflicts between individuals and communities as they try to redistribute resources, and is likely to evolve into a security threat if not dealt with in a transparent and equitable manner. Multipliers of Conflicts Climate change is not like other conventional security threats. The combination of the threats stemming from climate change impacts of increased water and food insecurities, rising sea levels, and increased extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and cyclones, will create risks to national and regional security as well as to international peace and security. Because climate change has multiple impacts in many different areas, it has the potential to cause multiple problems simultaneously and erode already fragile conditions, both environmental and economic. The combination of increased disease due to lack of potable water, flooding and coastal erosion, lack of food, and migration will continue to escalate into humanitarian crises that will strain government resources around the globe and especially within the Pacific. In the Solomon Islands, the combination of various adverse impacts of climate change led to armed conflict, requiring the deployment of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). As environmental migration is usually internal and short term, the possible for instigating conflict is quite minimal. Yet, unstable urban and rural demographics are related to higher risks of civil war and low level communal conflicts during periods of environmental stress are common. The Future of Pacific Islands The Survival of Pacific Islands Environmentalists have warned that the effects of climate change, caused by a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, will include thermal expansion and a meltdown of glaciers. That could lead to the rising of the sea level and extreme weather events and disasters, and would be devastating for countries such as Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and China. However, the small nations of the Pacific, where some of the worlds lowest-lying islands are situated, would be the first to be swamped. Those considered mostly in danger, as well as Kiribati, are Vanuatu, the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and parts of Papua New Guinea. Dozens of families have been forced to move, dismantling their wooden huts piece by piece and reassembling them further back from the water. Now the population is being squeezed into an ever narrower strip of land between the lagoon and the Pacific. Environmentalists have predicted that the effects of rising sea levels will be borne disproportionately by the worlds most poor countries, which make a insignificant contribution to climate change and are least well equipped to adapt. A report this month by the CSIRO, Australias government scientific organisation, forecast that climate change in the Asia-Pacific region could see the rising of sea level by up to 19 inches by 2070. So, there are possibilities that small islands states in the Pacific islands could be sunk in the future. So, what are the options that the Pacific islands have? For those islanders who are worried about the future, have been leaving their island for other Pacific states like Australia and New Zealand. In the case of the New Zealand, their government has a scheme entitled Pacific Access Category (PAC) that allocate up to 75 Tuvaluans per year to settle in New Zealand as Climate Changed refugees. According to Oxfam, in order to overcome or at least reduce the impact of climate change, they have outlined a few adaptation projects. Among the adaptation are protective planting, crops diversifications, water harvesting, irrigation and water reservoirs, community climate-proofing programmes and so forth. In the protective planting what they do is they plant trees to combat erosion problem. For example, in Tuvalu, work is being done in response to the flooding of agricultural land. Communities are drawing on local knowledge, with a strong focus on planting mangroves to stabilise the coastal environment. Activities like this are developed using local peoples traditional methods rather than new and unfamiliar ones. Moreover, on Fiji and Kiribati, mangroves are being planted to stabilise coastlines and riverbanks to help combat the effects of erosion. On the other hands, in crop diversification programme, the Members of the Tuvalu Climate Action Network (TuCAN) are looking at climate adaptation initiatives to address issues like coastal erosion and food security. Root crops like taro take years to be harvested; with the current sea surges, the salty water gets into the taro pits and kills the plants. The group is looking at bringing in species from other countries to help overcome this problem. Climate change adaptation in the Pacific involves, among other projects, rainwater harvesting and desalination. The Tuvalu governments Water and Sanitation Strategy includes the construction of around 300 large rainwater tanks in the capital, Funafuti. Households are instructed in the maintenance of roof catchment and guttering and the management of the collected water for domestic use. Following the Samoa tsunami in 2009, Oxfam provided affected families with rainwater harvesting materials. Guttering and collection tanks were provided for families who had relocated inland, and the system was incorporated into the design of new homes. This means an ongoing supply of clean water, with communities able to respond to future water shortages. Small grant schemes in Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Tonga provide funds for community-initiated climate change adaptation projects. In Tonga, Samoa and Vanuatu, communities have increased their water storage capacity by constructing rainwater tanks. On the drought-prone island of Aniwa in Vanuatu, communities have built small solar desalination stills capable of producing enough fresh water for drinking. In the Pacific islands itself, there are many innovative community-based projects initiate by Oxfam that aim to climate-proof villages and develop resilience to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters. For instance in Fiji, the Fijian village of Korotarase is located on low-lying, swampy land alongside a river and beach on the northern island of Vanua Levu. In March 2007, heavy upstream rainfall combined with a king tide and the village was flooded. The people of Korotarase have since joined with five other Fijian villages and are working to climate-proof their homes and communities in preparation for future impacts caused by tidal surges, coastal erosion or flooding. They are trialling salt-resistant varieties of staple foods such as taro; planting mangroves, native grasses and other trees to halt coastal and riverbank erosion; protecting fresh water wells from salt-water intrusion; and relocating homes and community buildings away from vulnerable coastlines. Another example is Kiribati. The Republic of Kiribati is one of the worlds least developed countries (LDCs). The low-lying nation is made up of 33 atolls and reef islands stretching 5000 kilometres across the central Pacific. The Kiribati Adaptation Program is made up of a range of actions, including raising awar